Multiple Choice
12.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium
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the zeroth law
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the first law
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the second law
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the third law
Name any two industries in which the principles of thermodynamics are used.
- aerospace and information technology (IT) industries
- industrial manufacturing and aerospace
- mining and textile industries
- mining and agriculture industries
12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
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k = 1.23 \times 10^{-38}\,\text{J/K}
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k = 1.38 \times 10^{-23}\,\text{J/K}
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k = 1.38 \times 10^{23}\,\text{J/K}
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k = 1.23 \times 10^{38}\,\text{J/K}
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increasing internal energy
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compression
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expansion
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cooling
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mass
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work
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energy
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heat
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20\,\text{J}
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30\,\text{J}
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50\,\text{J}
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100\,\text{J}
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A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at high temperature and low pressure.
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A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at high temperature and high pressure.
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A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at low temperature and low pressure.
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A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at low temperature and high pressure.
12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
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internal energy
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pressure
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work
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heat
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become disordered
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become ordered
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produce heat
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do work
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0.343\,\text{J/K}
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1.51\,\text{J/K}
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2.92\,\text{J/K}
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34.3\,\text{J/K}
Why does entropy increase during a spontaneous process?
- Entropy increases because energy always transfers spontaneously from a dispersed state to a concentrated state.
- Entropy increases because energy always transfers spontaneously from a concentrated state to a dispersed state.
- Entropy increases because pressure always increases spontaneously.
- Entropy increases because temperature of any system always increases spontaneously.
A system consists of ice melting in a glass of water. What happens to the entropy of this system?
- The entropy of the ice decreases, while the entropy of the water cannot be predicted without more specific information.
- The entropy of the system remains constant.
- The entropy of the system decreases.
- The entropy of the system increases.
12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
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W = \frac{Q_{\text{c}}}{Q_{\text{h}}}
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W = Q_{\text{h}} + Q_{\text{c}}
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W = Eff\left(Q_{\text{c}} - Q_{\text{h}} \right)
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W = Q_{\text{h}} - Q_{\text{c}}
Which of these quantities needs to be zero for efficiency to be 100 percent?
- ΔU
- W
- Qh
- Qc
Which of the following always has the greatest value in a system having 80 percent thermal efficiency?
- ΔU
- W
- Qh
- Qc
In the equation Q = Qh − Qc, what does the negative sign indicate?
- Heat transfer of energy is always negative.
- Heat transfer can only occur in one direction.
- Heat is directed into the system from the surroundings outside the system.
- Heat is directed out of the system.
What is the purpose of a heat pump?
- A heat pump uses work to transfer energy by heat from a colder environment to a warmer environment.
- A heat pump uses work to transfer energy by heat from a warmer environment to a colder environment.
- A heat pump does work by using heat to convey energy from a colder environment to a warmer environment.
- A heat pump does work by using heat to convey energy from a warmer environment to a colder environment.