Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page
OpenStax Logo
Pharmacology for Nurses

Chapter 19

Pharmacology for NursesChapter 19

Chapter 19

Case Study

1.
c. Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor that can cause hyperkalemia (a high potassium level).
2.
b. Furosemide is a loop diuretic and is used to decrease fluid volume.

Review Questions

1.
d. Cardiac output is composed of heart rate × stroke volume. Normal resting cardiac output is 4–5 liters per minute.
2.
d. Lisinopril inhibits the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
3.
c. 7.5 m g ÷ 2.5 m g = 3 t a b l e t s .
4.
c. Sacubitril inhibits neprilysin, which is an enzyme that breaks down BNP. BNP stimulates vasodilation and sodium and water excretion, which decrease afterload and preload, respectively.
5.
a. Valsartan and spironolactone can cause potassium to be reabsorbed in the nephron. Clients are at risk for hyperkalemia.
6.
c. Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and has received FDA approval for use in the treatment of heart failure.
7.
c. 60 m g ÷ 40 m g = 1.5 o r 1 1 2 t a b l e t s .
8.
c. Research has shown that beta blockers and medications affecting the RAAS do not work as well in the treatment of heart failure for Black clients as hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate do.
9.
d. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside and slows the heart rate. It can cause bradycardia. The health care provider should be notified before administering this drug.
10.
b. Ivabradine is an I(f) current inhibitor. Grapefruit juice increases blood levels of ivabradine by inhibiting its metabolism. The excess amount of medication can intensify the medication’s hypotensive effect, placing the client at an increased risk for syncopal episodes.
PreviousNext
Order a print copy
Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/pharmacology/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/pharmacology/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Apr 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.