Key Terms
- affective
- relates to mood, feelings, emotion, and attitudes
- akathisia
- continuous restlessness, inability to sit still; clients may say they feel hyperactive deep inside their body
- angioedema
- fluid buildup in the deeper layers of the skin causing edema; considered a type of allergic reaction
- anterograde amnesia
- short-term memory loss
- anxiety
- a feeling of nervousness, apprehension, and/or worry about a future threat
- anxiolytics
- drugs that treat anxiety
- asociality
- lack of interest in social interactions
- avolition
- total lack of motivation
- bipolar disorder
- a disorder that causes intense changes in a person’s mood (ranging from manic to depressive), energy, and ability to function
- cardiotoxicity
- adverse drug reactions that can negatively affect the structure and function of the heart
- cataplexy
- associated with narcolepsy; brief loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by strong emotion
- catatonia
- state in which someone is awake but does not appropriately respond to other people and their environment; can affect someone’s movement, speech, and behavior
- cognitive-behavioral therapy
- type of psychotherapeutic method that helps people identify maladaptive and negative patterns of thinking that cause a negative influence on behavior and mood; this thinking is challenged and replaced with more desirable, realistic thoughts.
- cytochrome P450 enzyme system
- enzymes responsible for breaking down drugs to their active or inactive metabolites; these can be inhibited or induced by drugs altering drug metabolism
- depot injection
- an injection that releases medication very slowly so it increases the duration of action
- depression
- a disorder in which the person experiences feelings of sadness, anger, frustration, hopelessness, and helplessness
- dystonia
- spasms of the tongue, neck, back, and legs; the spasms may cause unnatural positioning of the neck and eyes and excessive salivation
- extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
- variety of movement disorders, such as tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, or bradykinesia, experienced as a result of taking dopamine antagonists
- hyperpyrexia
- drug-induced elevation of body temperature and muscle rigidity
- hypersomnia
- excessive sleeping at night or excessive fatigue during the day
- hypnagogic hallucinations
- sleep-related hallucinations that occur as a person is falling asleep; commonly visual and consist of vivid images of patterns, shapes, or people; occasionally may involve sounds or physical sensations
- monoamine
- a drug molecule that contains a single amine group, such as a neurotransmitter or hormone
- paradoxical medication effects
- when a medication causes an effect opposite to its intended outcome
- parasomnia
- any kind of sleep-related disorder that occurs while going to sleep, during the sleep cycle, or when waking up from sleep; symptoms vary but the most common include nightmares, night terrors, sleep paralysis, grinding teeth, sleepwalking, sleep eating, and sleep talking
- prodrug
- a drug that is pharmacologically inactive until it is ingested and metabolized into an active form
- pseudoparkinsonism
- an adverse effect of antipsychotics that mimics the manifestations of Parkinson’s disease, such as shuffling gait, stooped posture, and muscle tremors
- psychopharmacology
- studies the effects that medications can have on the mind
- psychosis
- loss of external reality
- psychotropic medication
- drug that changes the functions of the nervous system and alters a person’s mental status
- sedative-hypnotic
- class of drugs used to induce or maintain sleep
- sleep latency
- the amount of time it takes a person to fall asleep once they go to bed
- sleep paralysis
- a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking
- tardive dyskinesia
- abnormal muscle movements such as lip smacking, tongue darting in and out of mouth, chewing movements without food in mouth, and slow, aimless extremity movements
- xerostomia
- dry mouth; usually due to inadequate fluid intake or can be drug-induced