Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). ACOG Committee Opinion no. 664: Refusal of medically recommended treatment during pregnancy. Reaffirmed 2019. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2016/06/refusal-of-medically-recommended-treatment-during-pregnancy

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 766 Summary: Approaches to limit intervention during labor and birth. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 133(2), 406–408. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003081

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2022). Sample birth plan template. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/health-tools/sample-birth-plan

American Society for the Alexander Technique. (n.d.-a). Find a teacher. https://www.amsatonline.org/aws/AMSAT/pt/sp/find_a_teacher

American Society for the Alexander Technique. (n.d.-b). How to learn. https://www.amsatonline.org/aws/AMSAT/pt/sp/lessons

Arnold, J., Gillerman, H., & Zimmerer, T. (n.d.). How the Alexander Technique can help during pregnancy, childbirth, and parenthood. https://alexandertechnique.com/articles/pregnancy/

Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. (2022). Standards for professional registered nurse staffing for perinatal units. Journal of Obstetric & Gynecologic Neonatal Nursing, 51(4), e5–e98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2022.02.003

Baby-Friendly USA. (2024). The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. https://www.babyfriendlyusa.org/about/

Banoofatemeh, S., Oreyzi, H. R., & Bahadoran, P. (2017). Effects of implementing the Alexander Technique on enjoying the sense of motherhood in the postpartum period. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 22(5), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_26_16

Boules, N. (n.d.). Cultural birthing practices and experiences. Baulkham Hills Holroyd Parramatta Migrant Resource Centre. https://cmrc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cultural_birthing_practices_and_experiences.pdf

Bradley, R. A., Hathaway, M., Hathaway, J., & Hathaway, J. (2008). Husband-coached childbirth: The Bradley method of natural childbirth. Bantam.

BradleyBirth.com. (n.d.). A well balanced pregnancy diet consists of: https://www.bradleybirth.com/diet.aspx

Campbell J. (2020). Understanding Millennial moms' choices: A nursing survey about Childbirth education in primigravid women. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 29(4), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1891/J-PE-D-19-00030

Duffee, S. (2021). The evolution of breathing in labour. CAPPA. https://cappa.net/2021/04/26/the-evolution-of-breathing-in-labour

Grauer, A. (n.d.). Finding a healthcare provider: Learning why finding the right healthcare provider and birth place is important. Lamaze International. https://www.lamaze.org/pregnancy-doctor

Gurevich, R., & Odunsi, T. (2021, October 26). What is the Bradley method? Verywell Family. https://www.verywellfamily.com/the-bradley-method-4586903

Hanefeld, N., Glover, L., Jomeen, J., & Wadephul, F. (2021). Women’s experiences of using the Alexander Technique in the postpartum: ‘…in a way, it’s just as beneficial as sleep.’ Midwifery, 103, 103155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103155

Huang, J., Zang, Y., Ren, L. H., Li, F. J., & Lu, H. (2019). A review and comparison of common maternal positions during the second-stage of labor. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(4), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.06.007

International Childbirth Education Association. (2015). ICEA position paper: Physiologic birth. https://icea.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Physiologic_Birth_PP.pdf

Isidro-Cloudas, T., & Hargrove, I. M. (2023, September 19). What to know about the hypnobirthing technique. Parents. https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/vaginal/all-about-hypnobirthing

Kinsey, D., Glover, L., & Wadephul, F. (2021). How does the Alexander Technique lead to psychological and non-physical outcomes? A realist review. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 46, 101371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101371

Lamaze International. (2017). Exercises for every trimester & favorite at-home prenatal fitness videos. https://www.lamaze.org/Giving-Birth-with-Confidence/GBWC-Post/TitleLink/Exercises-for-Every-Trimester-Favorite-At-home-Prenatal-Fitness-Videos

Lamaze International. (n.d.). About us: Our history. https://www.lamaze.org/about-lamaze

Likar, A., & Clare-Newman, C. (n.d.). Pregnancy and childbirth with the Alexander Technique. https://alexandertechnique.com/articles2/pregnancy/

Lothian, J., & DeVries, C. (2017). Giving birth with confidence (what to expect) . Meadowbrook Press.

Mahalakshmi, T., Kirubamani, H., & Mangalagowri, P. (2018). Effectiveness of Lamaze method on mode of labor among primigravid mothers. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 52(1), 31–35. https://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v52-1/06.pdf

Makarem, N., Chau, K., Miller, E. C., Gyamfi-Bannerman, C., Tous, I., Booker, W., Catov, J. M., Haas, D. M., Grobman, W. A., Levine, L. D., McNeil, R., Bairey Merz, C. N., Reddy, U., Wapner, R. J., Wong, M. S., & Bello, N. A. (2022). Association of a Mediterranean diet pattern with adverse pregnancy outcomes among US women. JAMA Network Open, 5(12):e2248165. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.48165

Mongan, M. (2015). HypnoBirthing (4th ed.). E-Book ed. Health Publishers.

Muza, S. (2012). Midwifery organizations band together in support of normal physiologic birth. Lamaze International. https://www.lamaze.org/Connecting-the-Dots/Post/TitleLink/Midwifery-Organizations-Band-Together-in-Support-of-Normal-Physiologic-Birth

Ondeck, M. (2019). Healthy birth practice #2: Walk, move around, and change positions throughout labor. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 28(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.28.2.81

Prusky, S. (2010). What is the meaning of normal birth? Lamaze International. https://www.lamaze.org/Connecting-the-Dots/Post/TitleLink/What-is-the-Meaning-of-Normal-Birth

Sioma-Markowska, U., Poręba, R., Machura. M., & Skrzypulec-Plinta, V. Paternal engagement during childbirth depending on the manner of their preparation. (2016). Gynekologia Polska, 87(9), 639–643. https://doi.org/10.5603/gp.2016.0059

Stjernholm, Y. V., da Dilva Charvalho, P., Bergdahl, O., Vladic, T., & Petersson, M. (2021). Continuous support promotes obstetric labor progress and vaginal delivery in primiparous women: A randomized controlled study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.582823

Terreri, C. (2020, June 8). Universal rights in giving birth. Lamaze International. https://www.lamaze.org/Giving-Birth-with-Confidence/GBWC-Post/universal-rights-in-giving-birth-1

Uldal, T., Ostmoen, M. S., Dahl, B., & Roseth, I. (2023). Women’s experiences with hypnobirth: A qualitative study. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 37, 100890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100890

Vanderlaan, J., & Givens, S. (n.d.). Evidence-based childbirth education: An essential step in shared decision-making for maternity care. Lamaze International. https://www.lamaze.org/Portals/0/LI_495916-20_SharedDecision_r3.pdf

What is a safe and healthy birth? (n.d.). Lamaze International. https://www.lamaze.org/lamaze-childbirth

Who was F. Matthias Alexander? (n.d.). https://alexandertechnique.com/fma/

Wu, C. Ge, Y., Zhang, X., Du, Y., He, S., Ji, Z., & Lang, H. (2021). The combined effects of Lamaze breathing training and nursing intervention on the delivery in primipara: A PRISMA systematic review meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 100(4), e23920. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000023920

Zhu, Y., Liu, Y., Fu, W., Zeng, F., Cao, Y., Dou, W., Duan, D., Chen, Y., Lyu, Q., & Zhao, X. (2023). Associations of dietary patterns and pre-eclampsia: A matched case–control study. British Journal of Nutrition, 129(2), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522001210

Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/maternal-newborn-nursing/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/maternal-newborn-nursing/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Jul 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.