Solutions

1. P(L′) = P(S)
2. P(M OR S)
3. P(F AND L)
4. P(M|L)
5. P(L|M)
6. P(S|F)
7. P(F|L)
8. P(F OR L)
9. P(M AND S)
10. P(F)

P(N) = $\frac{15}{42}$ = $\frac{5}{14}$ = 0.36

P(C) = $\frac{5}{42}$ = 0.12

P(G) = $\frac{20}{150}$ = $\frac{2}{15}$ = 0.13

P(R) = $\frac{22}{150}$ = $\frac{11}{75}$ = 0.15

P(O) = $\frac{150-22-38-20-28-26}{150}$ = $\frac{16}{150}$ = $\frac{8}{75}$ = 0.11

P(E) = $\frac{47}{194}$ = 0.24

P(N) = $\frac{23}{194}$ = 0.12

P(S) = $\frac{12}{194}$ = $\frac{6}{97}$ = 0.06

$\frac{13}{52}$ = $\frac{1}{4}$ = 0.25

$\frac{3}{6}$ = $\frac{1}{2}$ = 0.5

$P(R)=\frac{4}{8}=0.5$

P(O OR H)

P(H|I)

P(N|O)

P(I OR N)

P(I)

The likelihood that an event will occur given that another event has already occurred.

1

the probability of landing on an even number or a multiple of three

P(J) = 0.3

P(Q AND R) = P(Q)P(R)

0.1 = (0.4)P(R)

P(R) = 0.25

Find P(S) : P(S) = 0.87

Find P(S) : P(S) = 0.32

Find P(S | Z) : P(S | Z) = 0.55

In words, what is S | Z? : S | Z means, given that the customer has ordered pizza, the person also orders a salad.

Find $P(Z AND S)$: $P(Z AND S)$= 0.4785

In words, what is $Z AND S$? : $Z AND S$ represents the event that a customer orders a pizza and salad.

Are P and S independent events? Show why or why not. No, because P(S) does not equal P(S | Z).

Find $P(Z OR S)$: $P(Z OR S)$= 0.7115

In words, what is $Z OR S$?
$Z OR S$ represents the event that a customer orders a pizza or salad.

Are Z and S mutually exclusive events? Show why or why not. No, because P(S and Z) does not equal 0.

P(musician is a male AND had private instruction) = $\frac{15}{130}$ = $\frac{3}{26}$ = 0.12

The events are not mutually exclusive. It is possible to be a woman musician who learned music in school.

$\frac{\mathrm{35,065}}{\mathrm{100,450}}$

To pick one person from the study who is Japanese American AND smokes 21 to 30 cigarettes per day means that the person has to meet both criteria: both Japanese American and smokes 21 to 30 cigarettes. The sample space should include everyone in the study. The probability is $\frac{\mathrm{4,715}}{\mathrm{100,450}}$.

To pick one person from the study who is Japanese American given that person smokes 21-30 cigarettes per day, means that the person must fulfill both criteria and the sample space is reduced to those who smoke 21-30 cigarettes per day. The probability is $\frac{4715}{\mathrm{15,273}}$.

1. You can't calculate the joint probability knowing the probability of both events occurring, which is not in the information given; the probabilities should be multiplied, not added; and probability is never greater than 100%
2. A home run by definition is a successful hit, so he has to have at least as many successful hits as home runs.

1. The Forum Research surveyed 1,046 Torontonians.
2. 58%
3. 42% of 1,046 = 439 (rounding to the nearest integer)
4. 0.57
5. 0.60.

1. P(Betting on two line that touch each other on the table) = $\frac{6}{38}$
2. P(Betting on three numbers in a line) = $\frac{3}{38}$
3. P(Bettting on one number) = $\frac{1}{38}$
4. P(Betting on four number that touch each other to form a square) = $\frac{4}{38}$
5. P(Betting on two number that touch each other on the table ) = $\frac{2}{38}$
6. P(Betting on 0-00-1-2-3) = $\frac{5}{38}$
7. P(Betting on 0-1-2; or 0-00-2; or 00-2-3) = $\frac{3}{38}$

1. {G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, Y1, Y2, Y3}
2. $\frac{5}{8}$
3. $\frac{2}{3}$
4. $\frac{2}{8}$
5. $\frac{6}{8}$
6. No, because P(G AND E) does not equal 0.

1. {(G,H) (G,T) (B,H) (B,T) (R,H) (R,T)}
2. P(A) = P(blue)P(head) = $\left(\frac{3}{10}\right)$$\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$ = $\frac{3}{20}$
3. Yes, A and B are mutually exclusive because they cannot happen at the same time; you cannot pick a card that is both blue and also (red or green). P(A AND B) = 0
4. No, A and C are not mutually exclusive because they can occur at the same time. In fact, C includes all of the outcomes of A; if the card chosen is blue it is also (red or blue). P(A AND C) = P(A) = $\frac{3}{20}$

1. S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (HTT), (THH), (THT), (TTH), (TTT)}
2. $\frac{4}{8}$
3. Yes, because if A has occurred, it is impossible to obtain two tails. In other words, P(A AND B) = 0.

1. If Y and Z are independent, then P(Y AND Z) = P(Y)P(Z), so P(Y OR Z) = P(Y) + P(Z) - P(Y)P(Z).
2. 0.5

iii i iv ii

1. P(R) = 0.44
2. P(R|E) = 0.56
3. P(R|O) = 0.31
4. No, whether the money is returned is not independent of which class the money was placed in. There are several ways to justify this mathematically, but one is that the money placed in economics classes is not returned at the same overall rate; P(R|E) ≠ P(R).
5. No, this study definitely does not support that notion; in fact, it suggests the opposite. The money placed in the economics classrooms was returned at a higher rate than the money place in all classes collectively; P(R|E) > P(R).

1. P(type O OR Rh-) = P(type O) + P(Rh-) – P(type O AND Rh-)
   0.38 = 0.45 + 0.07 – P(type O AND Rh-);
   Solve to find P(type O AND Rh-) = 0.14.
   14% of people have type O, Rh- blood.
2. P(NOT(type O AND Rh-)) = 1 – P(type O AND Rh-) = 1 – 0.14 = 0.86
   
   86% of people do not have type O, Rh- blood.

1. P(type O OR Rh-) = P(type O) + P(Rh-) - P(type O AND Rh-)

   0.52 = 0.43 + 0.15 - P(type O AND Rh-); solve to find P(type O AND Rh-) = 0.06

   6% of people have type O, Rh- blood

2. P(NOT(type O AND Rh-)) = 1 - P(type O AND Rh-) = 1 - 0.06 = 0.94

   94% of people do not have type O, Rh- blood

1. Let C = be the event that the cookie contains chocolate. Let N = the event that the cookie contains nuts.
2. P(C OR N) = P(C) + P(N) - P(C AND N) = 0.36 + 0.12 - 0.08 = 0.40
3. P(NEITHER chocolate NOR nuts) = 1 - P(C OR N) = 1 - 0.40 = 0.60

0

$\frac{10}{67}$

$\frac{10}{34}$

d

1. Race and sex	1–14	15–24	25–64	Over 64	TOTALS
   White, male	1,165	2,036	3,703	1,491	8,395
   White, female	1,076	2,242	4,060	1,751	9,129
   Black, male	142	194	384	104	824
   Black, female	131	290	486	154	1,061
   All others				156
   TOTALS	2,792	5,279	9,354	3,656	21,081

   Table 3.27

2. Race and sex	1–14	15–24	25–64	Over 64	TOTALS
   White, male	1,165	2,036	3,703	1,491	8,395
   White, female	1,076	2,242	4,060	1,751	9,129
   Black, male	142	194	384	104	824
   Black, female	131	290	486	154	1,061
   All others	278	517	721	156	1672
   TOTALS	2,792	5,279	9,354	3,656	21,081

   Table 3.28
3. $\frac{\text{8,395}}{\text{21,081}}\approx 0.3982$
4. $\frac{\text{1,061}}{\text{21,081}}\approx 0.0503$
5. $\frac{\text{1,885}}{\text{21,081}}\approx 0.0894$
6. $\frac{\text{9,219}}{\text{21,081}}\approx 0.4373$
7. $\frac{\text{1,595}}{\text{3,656}}\approx 0.4363$

b

1. $\frac{26}{106}$
2. $\frac{33}{106}$
3. $\frac{21}{106}$
4. $\left(\frac{26}{106}\right)$ + $\left(\frac{33}{106}\right)$ - $\left(\frac{21}{106}\right)$ = $\left(\frac{38}{106}\right)$
5. $\frac{21}{33}$

a

1. P(C) = 0.4567
2. not enough information
3. not enough information
4. No, because over half (0.51) of men have at least one false positive text

1. P(J OR K) = P(J) + P(K) − P(J AND K); 0.45 = 0.18 + 0.37 - P(J AND K); solve to find P(J AND K) = 0.10
2. P(NOT (J AND K)) = 1 - P(J AND K) = 1 - 0.10 = 0.90
3. P(NOT (J OR K)) = 1 - P(J OR K) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55

1. Figure 3.16
2. P(GG) = $\left(\frac{5}{8}\right)\left(\frac{5}{8}\right)$ = $\frac{25}{64}$
3. P(at least one green) = P(GG) + P(GY) + P(YG) = $\frac{25}{64}$ + $\frac{15}{64}$ + $\frac{15}{64}$ = $\frac{55}{64}$
4. P(G|G) = $\frac{5}{8}$
5. Yes, they are independent because the first card is placed back in the bag before the second card is drawn; the composition of cards in the bag remains the same from draw one to draw two.

1. 	<20	20–64	>64	Totals
   Women	0.0244	0.3954	0.0661	0.486
   Men	0.0259	0.4186	0.0695	0.514
   Totals	0.0503	0.8140	0.1356	1

   Table 3.29
2. P(F) = 0.486
3. P(>64|F) = 0.1361
4. P(>64 and F) = P(F) P(>64|F) = (0.486)(0.1361) = 0.0661
5. P(>64|F) is the percentage of women drivers who are 65 or older and P(>64 and F) is the percentage of drivers who are women and 65 or older.
6. P(>64) = P(>64 and F) + P(>64 and M) = 0.1356
7. No, being a woman and 65 or older are not mutually exclusive because they can occur at the same time P(>64 and F) = 0.0661.

1. 	Car, Truck or Van	Walk	Public Transportation	Other	Totals
   Alone	0.7318
   Not Alone	0.1332
   Totals	0.8650	0.0390	0.0530	0.0430	1

   Table 3.30
2. If we assume that all walkers are alone and that none from the other two groups travel alone (which is a big assumption) we have: P(Alone) = 0.7318 + 0.0390 = 0.7708.
3. Make the same assumptions as in (b) we have: (0.7708)(1,000) = 771
4. (0.1332)(1,000) = 133

The completed contingency table is as follows:

Suppose a person from this county is randomly selected.

1. P(Person is in their twenties) = 0.5030
2. P(Person purchases minivan) = 0.1914
3. P(Person is in their twenties OR has purchases an SUV) = 0.6105
4. P(Person is in their twenties AND purchases a SEDAN) = 0.0673
5. P(Person is in their thirties AND has purchases an SUV) = 0.1075
6. P(Person is in their twenties GIVEN person purchases a minivan) = 0.7075

1. P(Person is in their twenties) = 0.36.
2. P(Person purchased a sedan) = 0.42
3. P(Person is in their twenties a woman GIVEN person purchased a sedan) = 0.4762