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Introduction to Political Science

Introduction

Introduction to Political ScienceIntroduction
President Jimmy Carter stands outdoors, speaking, next to a man whose face is cut out of the photograph. A camera crew in the background films the president.
Figure 10.1 President Jimmy Carter met with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1977. (credit: “[President Jimmy Carter and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat surrounded by the media at the White House, Washington, D.C.]” by Trikosko, Marion S./Library of Congress)

Chapter Outline

10.1 Democracies: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Regimes
10.2 The Executive in Presidential Regimes
10.3 The Executive in Parliamentary Regimes
10.4 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes
10.5 Semi-Presidential Regimes
10.6 How Do Cabinets Function in Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes?
10.7 What Are the Purpose and Function of Bureaucracies?

 

When things go bad you get entirely too much blame. And I have to admit that when things go good, you get entirely too much credit.

—President Jimmy Carter1

When Jimmy Carter made the statement quoted at the beginning of this chapter, he was still enjoying relatively high public approval ratings due to the success of the Camp David Accords, which resulted in a framework for peace in the Middle East, in September 1978.2 In less than a year, his public approval ratings would tumble due to a problematic economy and a belief that Carter did not provide strong leadership.3

Early in 2020, the world faced the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and countries struggled to respond. The pandemic shaped our world in ways that we are still attempting to grapple with and understand, and it revealed the nature of politics and governmental systems. Almost immediately, each country’s citizens expected and demanded action. This was true both in countries with presidential regimes and in those with parliamentary regimes. Each country turned to its chief executive for leadership, and leaders were judged by the effectiveness of their actions.

While political systems are complex and nuanced, most citizens’ approach to politics, especially during a crisis, is simple and straightforward—they look to the chief executive to solve the problem. Whether or not executives have the power to solve the problem, the public tends to assume they do. Oftentimes, how people view a single individual—the chief executive—shapes how they view the entire government.

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