Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page

References

Arguinchona, J. H., & Tadi, P. (2023, July 24). Neuroanatomy, reticular activating system. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549835/

Bauer, Z. A., De Jesus, O., & Bunin, J. L. (2023, October 29). Unconscious patient. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538529/

Brain Therapy. (2023, October 18). Sensory modulation disorder. https://braintherapytms.com/sensory-modulation-disorder/

Cherry, K. (2023, May 11). The 4 stages of sleep. https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-four-stages-of-sleep-2795920

Cleveland Clinic. (2023, March 26). Glasgow coma scale (GCS). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/24848-glasgow-coma-scale-gcs

Cone, B., Dorn, P., Konrad-Martin, D., Lister, J., Ortiz, C., & Schairer, K. (n.d.). Ototoxic medications (medication effects). American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/ototoxic-medications/

Correia, C., Lopez, K. J., Wroblewski, K. E., Huisingh-Scheetz, M., Kern, D. W., Chen, R. C., Schumm, L. P., Dale, W., McClintock, M. K., & Pinto, J. M. (2016). Global sensory impairment in older adults in the United States. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(2), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13955

Dana Foundation. (2023, September 20). The senses: Vision. https://dana.org/resources/the-senses-vision/

Drahota, A., Ward, D., Mackenzie, H., Stores, R., Higgins, B., Gal, D., & Dean, T. P. (2012). Sensory environment on health-related outcomes of hospital patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005315.pub2

Engelen, T., Solcà, M. & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2023). Interoceptive rhythms in the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 26, 1670–1684. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01425-1

Goodman, B. (2023, March 14). Sensory processing disorder. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/children/sensory-processing-disorder

Jain S, & Iverson, L. M. (2023, June 12). Glasgow coma scale. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513298/

Jenkins, B. A., & Lumpkin, E. A. (2017). Developing a sense of touch. Development (Cambridge, England), 144(22), 4078–4090. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.120402

Jones, K. B. (2024, January). Sensory processing disorder (SPD). FamilyDoctor.org. https://familydoctor.org/condition/sensory-processing-disorder-spd/

Khan, I., & Khan, M. A. B. (2022, October 3). Sensory and perceptual alterations. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563136/

Melinosky, C. (2023, October 23). What to know about CNS depressants. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-to-know-about-cns-depressants

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2022, March 16). How do we hear? https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/how-do-we-hear

Patel, A. K., Reddy, V., Shumway, K. R., & Araujo, J. F. (2024, January 26). Physiology, sleep stages. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526132/

Pope, C. (2023, April 11). CNS stimulants. https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/cns-stimulants.html

Rauschecker, J. P. (2018). Sensory deprivation. Elsevier Reference Collection in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.03164-3

Sahoo, S., Naskar, C., Singh, A., Rijal, R., Mehra, A., & Grover, S. (2022). Sensory deprivation and psychiatric disorders: Association, assessment and management strategies. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 44(5), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176211033920

Schiffman S. S. (2018). Influence of medications on taste and smell. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 4(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.02.005

Sharma, A., Kumar, R., Aier, I., Semwal, R., Tyagi, P., & Varadwaj, P. (2019). Sense of smell: Structural, functional, mechanistic advancements and challenges in human olfactory research. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(9), 891–911. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X17666181206095626

STAR Institute. (n.d.). Subtypes of SPD. https://sensoryhealth.org/basic/subtypes-of-spd

STAR Institute. (n.d.). Your 8 senses. https://sensoryhealth.org/basic/your-8-senses#f3

Victory, J. (2023, May 3). Drugs that can cause hearing loss or tinnitus. Healthy Hearing. https://www.healthyhearing.com/report/51183-Medications-that-contribute-to-hearing-loss

Vincis, R., & Fontanini, A. (2019). Central taste anatomy and physiology. In R. L. Doty (Ed.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 164, pp. 187–204). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00012-5

Watson, K. (2021, November 19). What is sensory overload? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/sensory-overload

Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/fundamentals-nursing/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/fundamentals-nursing/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Jul 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.