Projects

Lucas Sequence and Fibonacci Sequence

The Lucas numbers bear some similarity to the Fibonacci numbers and exhibit a stronger link to the golden ratio. Edouard Lucas is credited with naming the Fibonacci numbers and the Lucas numbers were so named in his honor. The Lucas numbers play a role in finding prime numbers that are utilized in encrypting data for actions such as using your debit card to obtain money at a cash machine or when making a credit card purchase for point of sale as well as when shopping online.

Complete the following questions to explore numbers in the Lucas sequence as well as their relationships to the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence.

1. Conduct an Internet search to find out what a Lucas number is and how the Lucas numbers are related to the Fibonacci numbers.
2. What are the first two numbers in the Lucas sequence?
3. Describe how the next number in the Lucas sequence is determined and compare this to how the next number is determined in the Fibonacci sequence.
4. Complete the following table listing the first 10 terms in the Fibonacci and Lucas sequence:

   Term	$0$	$1$	$2$	$3$	$4$	$5$	$6$	$7$	$8$	$9$
   Fibonacci Numbers	$0$	$1$	$1$	$2$		$5$		$13$		$34$
   Lucas Numbers			$3$		$7$		$18$		$47$

5. Interestingly, many patterns can be found in looking at the relationships in the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Look closely at the chart in question 3 to discover one such pattern. Observe the Fibonacci numbers in the third and fifth terms and compare with the Lucas number in the fourth term of the sequence. Describe the pattern found. Does this pattern continue in the table?
6. Research the Fibonacci or the Lucas numbers to find an application in our world distinct from what has been shared in this project and section. Write a paragraph sharing the findings of your research.

Solar Array for a Residence

One of the first steps in adding solar to a residence is determining the size of a system to achieve the desired output. In this project, we will explore the solar needs of a residence and estimate needs of a solar array to supply electrical output to meet various percentages of electrical need.

Step 1: Obtain an electric bill from your apartment/home. Find the average monthly or yearly usage if listed or call the electric company to inquire. If an electric bill is not available, use the Internet to find an average monthly or yearly electric usage for your area.

Step 2: Determine a daily and hourly usage. Divide the average monthly usage by 30 or the yearly average by 365. Divide again by 24 to calculate an average hourly electric usage, which will yield the average kilowatt-hours for how much electrical power your is being utilized in an hour.

Step 3: Multiply your average hourly use (kilowatts) by 1,000 to convert to watts.

Step 4: Use the Internet to determine the average daily peak hours of sunlight where you live.

Step 5: Divide your average hourly watts (Step 3) by the average daily peak hours (Step 4) to calculate the average energy needed for a solar array to produce every hour.

Step 6: Determine the average energy needed in a solar array per hour to meet each of the following:

1. $100\%$ coverage of average energy (Step 5)
2. $80\%$ coverage of average energy
3. $50\%$ coverage of average energy

Step 7: Using the values computed in Step 6, compute the residential savings based on an average cost of 12 cents per watt.

Vaccine Validation

Validation of vaccines is a topic that exploded in the news when the Covid-19 pandemic spread across the world. As governments and organizations looked for a vaccine to curb the spread and minimize the severity of infection, concern was expressed by some for what appeared to be a quick discovery for a Covid-19 vaccine.

Conduct an Internet search to explore the following questions. Pay special attention to the sources you select to ensure that they are credible sources.

1. Research the term efficacy rates. Express what efficacy means in your own words.
2. Using a minimum of two sources, compose a well-developed paragraph describing what validation of a vaccine means.
3. Using a minimum of two sources, compose a well-developed paragraph sharing the steps in validating a vaccine.
4. Using a minimum of two sources, compose a well-developed paragraph describing how a vaccine is determined to be validated.
5. Using your research for Questions 1–3, write a summary paragraph sharing your reflections on the validation of the Covid-19 vaccine or on validating a vaccine in general. What key components did you learn? What would you like to learn more about related to validating a vaccine?

Frequency and Ultrasonic Sounds

Ultrasonic sounds have been utilized for a variety of reasons, from purportedly repelling rodents and other animals as well as a variety of other applications. Using an Internet search, complete the following questions to explore some of these applications and examine the validity of various claims.

Streaming Services and Math

With the ability to stream music virtually anywhere you are, it is not surprising that Google Play Music, Apple Music, and a slew of other companies such as Spotify, Amazon Music, YouTube Music, Sound Cloud, Pandora, Deezer Music, Tidal, Napster, and Bandcamp have invested heavily to bring streaming service to users worldwide. Streaming services have expanded to offer virtually every genre of music with vast libraries to meet diverse user requests.

Considering all of the choices available for streaming music, there is a wide array of options for subscribing. Conduct an Internet research to review your current streaming choices, if any, and evaluate competitors’ products.

1. In this project, you will explore options for music streaming service subscriptions. Select a minimum of five streaming services listed above that you are not currently utilizing and determine the below components. Format your findings in an easy-to-read format such as a table similar to the one shown below.
   1. Monthly subscription cost
   2. Available features

      Available Features	Service Choice 1:	Service Choice 2:	Service Choice 3:	Service Choice 4:	Service Choice 5:
      Able to stream unlimited music
      Able to purchase individual songs
      Able to purchase individual whole albums
      Ability to create personalized play lists
      Ability to select specific songs to play
      Ability to listen
      Other =

2. Premium cost per month, if available = ______
   1. Feature(s) offered with premium monthly subscription = ______
3. What is (are) your current music streaming services, if any?
   1. What is your current monthly service charge(s)?
   2. What features does your current streaming service offer?
4. Write a paragraph summarizing your findings and include if your current streaming service(s) meets your needs or if research for this project has you considering changing streaming services. Support your rationale.

Math and Baseball

Baseball is known to have one of the largest pools of statistics related to the game and its players. Managers, coaches, and pitchers study the statistics of the players on opposing teams to give their team an edge by knowing what pitches to throw for the best probability to be missed by a batter. In similar fashion, batters study pitchers’ statistics to learn a pitcher’s strength and how to predict what a pitcher will throw and how to best hit against a pitcher.

The three primary baseball statistics are batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBIs), which are the components of the title of Triple Crown winner that is awarded to players who dominate in these three areas. However, there is a wealth of other statistics to evaluate when studying the performance of a player.

Conduct an Internet search to research statistics and how they are calculated in the following categories:

Math and Fantasy Football

Fantasy football offers spectators an added dimension to football season with a competitive math-based game where the active components are real-life players in the current season. For clarity in this exercise, the actual fantasy football players will be denoted as FFP and actual professional team members will be denoted as players.

While some fantasy football leagues have slightly different setups or scoring systems, most share some common elements.

Often using a lottery system to determine who picks first, second, and so on, FFPs select 15 current players to comprise their personal fantasy football team. The players selected can be from any professional teams and a FFP can utilize any team recognized by their league. FFPs can elect to keep the same players on their team for the whole league play or trade for any player not selected by another FFP in their league.

At the start of each week during football season, each fantasy football player selects their roster of actual players to comprise their roster of starting players. Typically, a starting roster consists of the following players:

As actual professional games are played, points are tallied based on your league’s scoring system. The points the team members on your starting roster make during the week are computed and whichever FFP has the highest score for the week wins that week.

The FFPs with the best records of wins versus losses enters fantasy football playoffs to determine the ultimate league champion and collects the pot.

The above overview of fantasy football describes the basic game play. The fun comes in understanding and analyzing the math behind the scoring.

1. Talk to people you know who have played fantasy football in the past and interview them. Inquire about how they select players and how league(s) they have played in have computed the weekly scoring.
   1. Was a league manager recruited to manage the record keeping of scores?
   2. Was an online scoring system utilized or did the fantasy football use a streamlined or specialized scoring system?
   3. What strategies were used to select the team of 15 players and who would be on the weekly starting roster?
   4. Were any online resources utilized to aid in choosing which players to select?
   5. How was math utilized to select team members or who to place as a starter each week? Be as specific as possible, citing examples when available.
2. Conduct an Internet research to find two different resources that a FFP could utilize when selecting players for their team or for their starting roster. Describe the math involved in the resources.
3. Conduct an Internet research to learn more about the scoring utilized by fantasy football leagues. Write a short paragraph sharing how the use of math and knowledge of football statistics is used and how they are calculated to aid a FFP in selecting their team and starting roster.

Math and Hockey

Hockey is full of math from obvious components such as scoring and statistics to the shape of the rink and the angles involved in puck movement.

Collegiate and professional hockey games are 60 minutes long and are divided into three periods of 20 (60/3) minutes each. At any one time, there are five players and one goalie on the ice for each team. If a player is called on a penalty and is placed in the penalty box, that team now has four players, which is 20% less players on the ice competing against five opponents. In some instances, a team may have two players in the penalty box at one time, resulting in three players, or 40% less players on the ice compared to a full team. Being one player down for a 2-minute penalty or potentially 5 minutes for a major penalty leads to an imbalance on the ice and calls for a quick change of offense and defense strategy.

Math and Soccer

As the world’s most popular sport, you’ll be excited to confirm that soccer is full of mathematics ranging from scoring and statistics to footwork, angles, and field shape.

Soccer requires understanding of mathematical concepts and equations as well as skill, fitness, and game knowledge. One such example is angles, which you all will remember from your geometry class. While players are not carrying protractors and measuring angles during play, mental calculation of angles is a constant in any successful player’s thinking. A goalie is not physically able to cover the entire open net region and a player must calculate an angle to kick the ball consistent with the net opening while predicting the ability of the goalie to stop the ball from entering the net.

1. Research angles as they apply to soccer play. Provide two examples of different plays indicating angle of a player’s body, angle of foot striking the ball, and angle to the net. Include relevant dimensions. Adding a diagram that may aid in clarity is an option.
2. Draw a scale model of a soccer field including dimensions with labels.

Using an Internet search, select two top soccer players from the same league to answer the following questions:

3. Write a paragraph sharing a minimum of five statistics for each player you have selected. Describe how each of the statistics are calculated and what each statistic means.
4. Write a paragraph comparing the two players and determine who you believe is the better player. Support your choice.