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College Physics for AP® Courses

# Chapter 15

1.

$1 . 6 × 10 9 J 1 . 6 × 10 9 J size 12{1 "." 6 times "10" rSup { size 8{9} } " J"} {}$

3.

$- 9 . 30 × 10 8 J - 9 . 30 × 10 8 J size 12{ +- 9 "." "30"´"10" rSup { size 8{8} } " J"} {}$

5.

(a) $− 1 . 0 × 10 4 J − 1 . 0 × 10 4 J size 12{ - 1 "." 0 times "10" rSup { size 8{4} } " J"} {}$ , or $− 2 . 39 kcal − 2 . 39 kcal$

(b) 5.00%

7.

(a) 122 W

(b) $2.10×106 J2.10×106 J size 12{2 "." "09" times "10" rSup { size 8{6} } " J"} {}$

(c) Work done by the motor is $1.61×107 J1.61×107 J size 12{1 "." "61" times "10" rSup { size 8{7} } " J"} {}$ ;thus the motor produces 7.67 times the work done by the man

9.

(a) 492 kJ

(b) This amount of heat is consistent with the fact that you warm quickly when exercising. Since the body is inefficient, the excess heat produced must be dissipated through sweating, breathing, etc.

10.

$6 . 77 × 10 3 J 6 . 77 × 10 3 J size 12{6 "." "77" times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } J} {}$

12.

(a) $W = PΔV = 1 . 76 × 10 5 J W = PΔV = 1 . 76 × 10 5 J size 12{W=PΔV= {underline {1 "." "76" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } " J"}} } {}$

(b) $W=Fd=1.76×105 JW=Fd=1.76×105 J size 12{W= ital "Fd"= ital "PAd"= {underline {1 "." "76" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } " J"}} } {}$. Yes, the answer is the same.

14.

$W = 4 . 5 × 10 3 J W = 4 . 5 × 10 3 J size 12{W=4 "." 5 times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } J} {}$

16.

$WW size 12{W} {}$ is not equal to the difference between the heat input and the heat output.

20.

(a) $18.5 kJ 18.5 kJ$

(b) 54.1%

22.

(a) $1.32 × 10 9 J 1.32 × 10 9 J$

(b) $4.68 × 10 9 J 4.68 × 10 9 J$

24.

(a) $3.80 × 10 9 J 3.80 × 10 9 J$

(b) 0.667 barrels

26.

(a) $8.30 × 10 12 J 8.30 × 10 12 J$, which is 3.32% of $2.50 × 10 14 J 2.50 × 10 14 J$ .

(b) $–8.30 × 10 12 J –8.30 × 10 12 J$, where the negative sign indicates a reduction in heat transfer to the environment.

28.

$403 º C 403 º C size 12{"403"°C} {}$

30.

(a) $244ºC244ºC size 12{2"44"°C} {}$

(b) $477ºC477ºC size 12{"477"°C} {}$

(c)Yes, since automobiles engines cannot get too hot without overheating, their efficiency is limited.

32.

(a) $Eff 1 = 1 − T c,1 T h,1 = 1 − 543 K 723 K = 0 . 249 or 24 . 9% Eff 1 = 1 − T c,1 T h,1 = 1 − 543 K 723 K = 0 . 249 or 24 . 9% size 12{ ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{1} } =1 - { {T rSub { size 8{"c,1"} } } over {T rSub { size 8{"h,1"} } } } =1 - { {"543 K"} over {"723 K"} } =0 "." "249""or""24" "." 9%} {}$

(b) $Eff 2 = 1 − 423 K 543 K = 0 . 221 or 22 . 1% Eff 2 = 1 − 423 K 543 K = 0 . 221 or 22 . 1% size 12{ ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{2} } =1 - { {"423 K"} over {"543 K"} } =0 "." "221""or""22" "." 1%} {}$

(c) $Eff 1 = 1 − T c,1 T h,1 ⇒ T c,1 = T h,1 1 − eff 1 Eff 1 = 1 − T c,1 T h,1 ⇒ T c,1 = T h,1 1 − eff 1$ $similarly, T c,2 = T h,2 1 − Eff 2 similarly, T c,2 = T h,2 1 − Eff 2$ $using T h,2 = T c,1 in above equation gives using T h,2 = T c,1 in above equation gives$ T c,2 = T h,1 1 − Eff 1 1 − Eff 2 ≡ T h,1 1 − Eff overall ∴ 1 − Eff overall = 1 − Eff 1 1 − Eff 2 Eff overall = 1 − 1 − 0 . 249 1 − 0 . 221 = 41 . 5% T c,2 = T h,1 1 − Eff 1 1 − Eff 2 ≡ T h,1 1 − Eff overall ∴ 1 − Eff overall = 1 − Eff 1 1 − Eff 2 Eff overall = 1 − 1 − 0 . 249 1 − 0 . 221 = 41 . 5% alignl { stack { size 12{ ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{1} } =1 - { {T rSub { size 8{"c,1"} } } over {T rSub { size 8{"h,1"} } } } drarrow T rSub { size 8{"c,1"} } =T rSub { size 8{"h,1"} } left (1 - ital "eff" rSub { size 8{1} } right )} {} # "similarly",T rSub { size 8{"c,2"} } =T rSub { size 8{"h,2"} } left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{2} } right ) {} # "using"T rSub { size 8{"h,2"} } =T rSub { size 8{"c,1"} } "in""above""equation""gives" {} # T rSub { size 8{"c,2"} } =T rSub { size 8{"h,1"} } left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{1} } right ) left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{2} } right ) equiv T rSub { size 8{"h,1"} } left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{"overall"} } right ) {} # ∴ left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{"overall"} } right )= left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{1} } right ) left (1 - ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{2} } right ) {} # ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{"overall"} } =1 - left (1 - 0 "." "249" right ) left (1 - 0 "." "221" right )="41" "." 5% {} } } {}

(d) $Eff overall = 1 − 423 K 723 K = 0 . 415 or 41 . 5% Eff overall = 1 − 423 K 723 K = 0 . 415 or 41 . 5% size 12{ ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{"overall"} } =1 - { {"423 K"} over {"723 K"} } =0 "." "415""or""41" "." 5%} {}$

34.

The heat transfer to the cold reservoir is $Q c = Q h − W = 25 kJ − 12 kJ = 13 kJ Q c = Q h − W = 25 kJ − 12 kJ = 13 kJ size 12{Q rSub { size 8{c} } =Q rSub { size 8{h} } - W="25""kJ" - "12""kJ"="13""kJ"} {}$, so the efficiency is $Eff = 1 − Q c Q h = 1 − 13 kJ 25 kJ = 0 . 48 Eff = 1 − Q c Q h = 1 − 13 kJ 25 kJ = 0 . 48 size 12{ ital "Eff"=1 - { {Q rSub { size 8{c} } } over {Q rSub { size 8{h} } } } =1 - { {"13""kJ"} over {"25""kJ"} } =0 "." "48"} {}$. The Carnot efficiency is $Eff C = 1 − T c T h = 1 − 300 K 600 K = 0 . 50 Eff C = 1 − T c T h = 1 − 300 K 600 K = 0 . 50 size 12{ ital "Eff" rSub { size 8{C} } =1 - { {T rSub { size 8{c} } } over {T rSub { size 8{h} } } } =1 - { {"300"K} over {"600"K} } =0 "." "50"} {}$. The actual efficiency is 96% of the Carnot efficiency, which is much higher than the best-ever achieved of about 70%, so her scheme is likely to be fraudulent.

36.

(a) $–56.3ºC –56.3ºC$

(b) The temperature is too cold for the output of a steam engine (the local environment). It is below the freezing point of water.

(c) The assumed efficiency is too high.

37.

4.82

39.

0.311

41.

(a) 4.61

(b) $1 . 66 × 10 8 J or 3 . 97 × 10 4 kcal 1 . 66 × 10 8 J or 3 . 97 × 10 4 kcal {1 "." "66" times "10" rSup { {8} } " J""or 3" "." "97" times "10" rSup { {4} } "kcal"} {}$

(c) To transfer $1 . 66 × 10 8 J 1 . 66 × 10 8 J {1 "." "66" times "10" rSup { {8} } " J"} {}$ , heat pump costs $1.00, natural gas costs$1.34.

43.

$27.6ºC 27.6ºC$

45.

(a) $1 . 44 × 10 7 J 1 . 44 × 10 7 J {1 "." "44" times "10" rSup { {7} } "J"} {}$

(b) 40 cents

(c) This cost seems quite realistic; it says that running an air conditioner all day would cost \$9.59 (if it ran continuously).

47.

(a) $9.78 × 10 4 J/K 9.78 × 10 4 J/K size 12{9 "." "79" times "10" rSup { size 8{4} } " J/K"} {}$

(b) In order to gain more energy, we must generate it from things within the house, like a heat pump, human bodies, and other appliances. As you know, we use a lot of energy to keep our houses warm in the winter because of the loss of heat to the outside.

49.

$8.01 × 10 5 J 8.01 × 10 5 J size 12{8 "." "01" times "10" rSup { size 8{5} } " J"} {}$

51.

(a) $1.04×1031 J/K1.04×1031 J/K size 12{1 "." "04" times "10" rSup { size 8{"31"} } " J/K"} {}$

(b) $3.28×1031 J3.28×1031 J size 12{3 "." "28" times "10" rSup { size 8{"31"} } " J"} {}$

53.

199 J/K

55.

(a) $2.47×1014 J2.47×1014 J size 12{2 "." "47" times "10" rSup { size 8{"14"} } " J"} {}$

(b) $1.60×1014 J1.60×1014 J size 12{1 "." "60" times "10" rSup { size 8{"14"} } " J"} {}$

(c) $2.85×1010 J/K2.85×1010 J/K size 12{2 "." "86" times "10" rSup { size 8{"10"} } " J/K"} {}$

(d) $8.29×1012 J8.29×1012 J size 12{8 "." "31" times "10" rSup { size 8{"12"} } " J"} {}$

57.

It should happen twice in every $1.27 × 1030 s 1.27 × 1030 s$ or once in every $6.35× 1029 s6.35× 1029 s$ $(6.35 × 10 29 s) (1 h 3600 s) (1 d24 h) (1 y365.25 d) = 2.0× 1022 y (6.35 × 10 29 s) (1 h 3600 s) (1 d24 h) (1 y365.25 d) = 2.0× 1022 y$

59.

(a) $3.0×10293.0×1029 size 12{3 "." 0 times "10" rSup { size 8{"29"} } } {}$

(b) 24%

61.

(a) $-2.38×10–23 J/K-2.38×10–23 J/K size 12{ +- 2 "." "38"´"10" rSup { size 8{ +- "23"} } " J/K"} {}$

(b) 5.6 times more likely

(c) If you were betting on two heads and 8 tails, the odds of breaking even are 252 to 45, so on average you would break even. So, no, you wouldn't bet on odds of 252 to 45.

1.

(d)

3.

(a)

5.

(b)

7.

(c)

9.

(d)

11.

(a)

13.

(c)

15.

(b)

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