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Problems & Exercises

1.

3 × 10 41 kg 3 × 10 41 kg

3.

(a) 3×1052kg3×1052kg

(b) 2×10792×1079

(c) 4×10884×1088

5.

0.30 Gly

7.

(a) 2.0×105km/s2.0×105km/s

(b) 0.67c0.67c

9.

2 . 7 × 10 5 m/s 2 . 7 × 10 5 m/s

11.

6×10116×1011 (an overestimate, since some of the light from Andromeda is blocked by gas and dust within that galaxy)

13.

(a) 2×108kg2×108kg

(b) 1×10191×1019

15.

(a) 30km/sMly30km/sMly

(b) 15km/sMly15km/sMly

17.

960 rev/s

19.

89.999773º89.999773º (many digits are used to show the difference between 90º90º)

22.

23.6 km

24.

(a) 2.95×1012m2.95×1012m

(b) 3.12×104ly3.12×104ly

26.

(a) 1 × 10 20 1 × 10 20

(b) 10 times greater

27.
1 . 5 × 10 15 1 . 5 × 10 15
29.
0 . 6 m 3 0 . 6 m 3
31.
0.30 Ω 0.30 Ω
32.

(a) v= H 0 d=(20 km/s)/Mly (2.00× 10 2  Mly)=4.00× 10 3  km/s v= H 0 d=(20 km/s)/Mly (2.00× 10 2  Mly)=4.00× 10 3  km/s

(b) d= (1.00× 10 2 ) 2 + (2.00× 10 2 ) 2  Mly   =2.24× 10 2  Mly v=(20 km/s)/Mly (2.24× 10 2  Mly)=4.48× 10 3  km/s d= (1.00× 10 2 ) 2 + (2.00× 10 2 ) 2  Mly   =2.24× 10 2  Mly v=(20 km/s)/Mly (2.24× 10 2  Mly)=4.48× 10 3  km/s

(c) The galaxies are separating mostly due to the expansion of space.

(d) Light from the third galaxy would have a red shift when detected in either of the other galaxies.

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