Skip to ContentGo to accessibility pageKeyboard shortcuts menu
OpenStax Logo

1.

Place a glass of water outside. It will freeze if the temperature is below 0 °C.

3.

(a) law (states a consistently observed phenomenon, can be used for prediction); (b) theory (a widely accepted explanation of the behavior of matter); (c) hypothesis (a tentative explanation, can be investigated by experimentation)

5.

(a) symbolic, microscopic; (b) macroscopic; (c) symbolic, macroscopic; (d) microscopic

7.

Macroscopic. The heat required is determined from macroscopic properties.

9.

Liquids can change their shape (flow); solids can’t. Gases can undergo large volume changes as pressure changes; liquids do not. Gases flow and change volume; solids do not.

11.

The mixture can have a variety of compositions; a pure substance has a definite composition. Both have the same composition from point to point.

13.

Molecules of elements contain only one type of atom; molecules of compounds contain two or more types of atoms. They are similar in that both are comprised of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

15.

Answers will vary. Sample answer: Gatorade contains water, sugar, dextrose, citric acid, salt, sodium chloride, monopotassium phosphate, and sucrose acetate isobutyrate.

17.

(a) element; (b) element; (c) compound; (d) mixture; (e) compound; (f) compound; (g) compound; (h) mixture

19.

In each case, a molecule consists of two or more combined atoms. They differ in that the types of atoms change from one substance to the next.

21.

Gasoline (a mixture of compounds), oxygen, and to a lesser extent, nitrogen are consumed. Carbon dioxide and water are the principal products. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are produced in lesser amounts.

23.

(a) Increased as it would have combined with oxygen in the air thus increasing the amount of matter and therefore the mass. (b) 0.9 g

25.

(a) 200.0 g; (b) The mass of the container and contents would decrease as carbon dioxide is a gaseous product and would leave the container. (c) 102.3 g

27.

(a) physical; (b) chemical; (c) chemical; (d) physical; (e) physical

29.

physical

31.

The value of an extensive property depends upon the amount of matter being considered, whereas the value of an intensive property is the same regardless of the amount of matter being considered.

33.

Being extensive properties, both mass and volume are directly proportional to the amount of substance under study. Dividing one extensive property by another will in effect “cancel” this dependence on amount, yielding a ratio that is independent of amount (an intensive property).

35.

about a yard

37.

(a) kilograms; (b) meters; (c) meters/second; (d) kilograms/cubic meter; (e) kelvin; (f) square meters; (g) cubic meters

39.

(a) centi-, ×× 10−2; (b) deci-, ×× 10−1; (c) Giga-, ×× 109; (d) kilo-, ×× 103; (e) milli-, ×× 10−3; (f) nano-, ×× 10−9; (g) pico-, ×× 10−12; (h) tera-, ×× 1012

41.

(a) m = 18.58 g, V = 5.7 mL; (b) d = 3.3 g/mL; (c) malachite (basic copper carbonate, d = 3.25—4.10 g/mL).

43.

(a) displaced water volume = 2.8 mL; (b) displaced water mass = 2.8 g; (c) The block mass is 2.76 g, essentially equal to the mass of displaced water (2.8 g) and consistent with Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy.

45.

(a) 7.04 ×× 102; (b) 3.344 ×× 10−2; (c) 5.479 ×× 102; (d) 2.2086 ×× 104; (e) 1.00000 ×× 103; (f) 6.51 ×× 10−8; (g) 7.157 ×× 10−3

47.

(a) exact; (b) exact; (c) uncertain; (d) exact; (e) uncertain; (f) uncertain

49.

(a) two; (b) three; (c) five; (d) four; (e) six; (f) two; (g) five

51.

(a) 0.44; (b) 9.0; (c) 27; (d) 140; (e) 1.5 ×× 10−3; (f) 0.44

53.

(a) 2.15 ×× 105; (b) 4.2 ×× 106; (c) 2.08; (d) 0.19; (e) 27,440; (f) 43.0

55.

(a) Archer X; (b) Archer W; (c) Archer Y

57.

(a) 1.0936 yd1 m1.0936 yd1 m; (b) 0.94635 L1 qt0.94635 L1 qt; (c) 2.2046 lb1 kg2.2046 lb1 kg

59.

2.0 L67.6 fl oz=0.030 L1 fl oz2.0 L67.6 fl oz=0.030 L1 fl oz
Only two significant figures are justified.

61.

68–71 cm; 400–450 g

63.

355 mL

65.

8 ×× 10−4 cm

67.

yes; weight = 89.4 kg

69.

5.0 ×× 10−3 mL

71.

(a) 1.3 ×× 10−4 kg; (b) 2.32 ×× 108 kg; (c) 5.23 ×× 10−12 m; (d) 8.63 ×× 10−5 kg; (e) 3.76 ×× 10−1 m; (f) 5.4 ×× 10−5 m; (g) 1 ×× 1012 s; (h) 2.7 ×× 10−11 s; (i) 1.5 ×× 10−4 K

73.

45.4 L

75.

1.0160 ×× 103 kg

77.

(a) 394 ft; (b) 5.9634 km; (c) 6.0 ×× 102; (d) 2.64 L; (e) 5.1 ×× 1018 kg; (f) 14.5 kg; (g) 324 mg

79.

0.46 m; 1.5 ft/cubit

81.

Yes, the acid’s volume is 123 mL.

83.

62.6 in (about 5 ft 3 in.) and 101 lb

85.

(a) 3.81 cm ×× 8.89 cm ×× 2.44 m; (b) 40.6 cm

87.

2.70 g/cm3

89.

(a) 81.6 g; (b) 17.6 g

91.

(a) 5.1 mL; (b) 37 L

93.

5371 °F, 3239 K

95.

−23 °C, 250 K

97.

−33.4 °C, 239.8 K

99.

113 °F

Order a print copy

As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

Citation/Attribution

This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's permission.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:
    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/1-introduction
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution:
    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/1-introduction
Citation information

© Jan 8, 2024 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.