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Biology for AP® Courses

Introduction

Biology for AP® CoursesIntroduction
Photo A shows a tadpole. Photo b shows a frog that has developed legs but still has the tail of a tadpole. Photo C shows a fully grown frog.
Figure 28.1 The process of amphibian metamorphosis, as seen in the tadpole-to-frog stages shown here, is driven by hormones. (credit "tadpole": modification of work by Brian Gratwicke)

Chapter Outline

28.1 Types of Hormones
28.2 How Hormones Work
28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
28.5 Endocrine Glands

An animal’s endocrine system controls body processes through the production, secretion, and regulation of hormones, which serve as chemical “messengers” functioning in cellular and organ activity and, ultimately, maintaining the body’s homeostasis. The endocrine system plays a role in growth, metabolism, and sexual development. In humans, common endocrine system diseases include thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus. In organisms that undergo metamorphosis, the process is controlled by the endocrine system. The transformation from tadpole to frog, for example, is complex and nuanced to adapt to specific environments and ecological circumstances.

The study of the endocrine system has led to many medical advances. Now scientists have discovered a hormone that mimics the effects of exercise by regulating metabolism and fighting insulin resistance.1 You can read more about this exciting discovery at the Science Daily website.

Footnotes

  • 1Lee, Changhan, Zeng, Jennifer, Drew, Brian G., Sallam, Tamer, Martin-Montalvo, Alejandro, Wan, Junxiang, Kim, Su-Jeong, Mehta, Hemal, Hevener, Andrea L., de Cabo, Rafael, Cohen, Pinchas. The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Cell Metabolism, 2015; 21 (3): 443 DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009
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