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Biology for AP® Courses

Test Prep for AP® Courses

Biology for AP® CoursesTest Prep for AP® Courses
22 .
Reproductive cells in most species are different from the cells that make up the rest of the organism. What are the “body” cells called and how are they different from the reproductive cells?
  1. Body cells are called gametes and they have half the number of chromosomes found in reproductive cells.
  2. Body cells are called somatic cells and have the same number of chromosomes as reproductive cells.
  3. Body cells are called somatic cells and have double the number of chromosomes found in reproductive cells.
  4. Body cells are called gametes and have double the number of chromosomes found in reproductive cells.
23 .
Spores are structures produced by some plants and all fungi. Apply your understanding of what defines the types of cells organisms possess and the functions of those cells to identify the statement that accurately defines and describes spores.
  1. Spores are haploid reproductive cells that can produce haploid organisms through mitosis.
  2. Spores are diploid precursors to gametes that give rise to gametes when environmental conditions are favorable.
  3. Spores are haploid reproductive cells that can produce diploid cells without fertilization.
  4. Spores are diploid somatic cells formed only during asexual reproduction and so are not formed by meiosis.
24 .
In prophase I, the homologous chromosomes are paired up and linked together. Which explanation best describes the structures and mechanisms responsible for this action?
  1. The synaptonemal complex is a protein lattice that binds chromosomes together across their length and maintains their tight alignment.
  2. Tetrads act as a sort of "glue" that prevents the chromosomes from separating along their length and maintains chromosome alignment.
  3. The centromere consists of cohesin proteins that bind paired chromosomes at their tips.
  4. Cohesin proteins make up the synaptonemal complex that binds chromosomes together at their centromeres.
25 .
One of the ways that sexual reproduction enhances the diversity of offspring from the same parents is through a process called crossing over. Provide the reasoning that supports this concept by identifying the structures and meiotic phase involved in crossing over.
  1. Crossing over occurs between tetrads during prophase I.
  2. Crossing over occurs between sister chromatids during metaphase I.
  3. Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
  4. Crossing over occurs between non-homologous chromosomes during telophase I and cytokinesis.
26 .
There are three sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction. Determine which of the following statements accurately describes which of these are considered random and which are not.
  1. Crossing over is considered random; egg and sperm fertilization and tetrad alignment on the meiotic spindle are not.
  2. Tetrad alignment on the spindle and crossing over are considered random; egg and sperm fertilzation is not.
  3. Egg and sperm fertilization and tetrad alignment on the spindle are considered random; crossing over is not.
  4. All three sources of genetic variation are considered random.
27 .
Which one of the three types of life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms does not have a multicellular haploid stage?
  1. alternation of generations
  2. diploid-dominant
  3. haploid-dominant
  4. They all have a multicellular haploid stage in their life cycles.
28 .
How are spores produced in alternation of generation life cycles?
  1. by gametophytes
  2. by germ cells
  3. through mitosis
  4. through meiosis
29 .
A comparison of haploid-dominant life cycles and alternation of generation life cycles reveals that they share some similarities yet also display differences. Which of the following processes or structures is found in haploid-dominant life cycles but not alternation of generation life cycles?
  1. meiosis
  2. (+) and (−) mating types
  3. spores
  4. a free-living haploid stage
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