Sperm and ova are similar in terms of ________.
- size
- quantity produced per year
- chromosome number
- flagellar motility
Although the male ejaculate contains hundreds of millions of sperm, ________.
- most do not reach the oocyte
- most are destroyed by the alkaline environment of the uterus
- it takes millions to penetrate the outer layers of the oocyte
- most are destroyed by capacitation
As sperm first reach the oocyte, they will contact the ________.
- acrosome
- corona radiata
- sperm-binding receptors
- zona pellucida
Fusion of pronuclei occurs during ________.
- spermatogenesis
- ovulation
- fertilization
- capacitation
Sperm must first complete ________ to enable the fertilization of an oocyte.
- capacitation
- the acrosomal reaction
- the cortical reaction
- the fast block
Cleavage produces daughter cells called ________.
- trophoblasts
- blastocysts
- morulae
- blastomeres
The conceptus, upon reaching the uterus, first ________.
- implants
- divides
- disintegrates
- hatches
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst is destined to become the ________.
- embryo
- trophoblast
- chorionic villi
- placenta
Which primary germ layer gave rise to the cells that eventually became the central nervous system?
- endoderm
- ectoderm
- acrosome
- mesoderm
What would happen if the trophoblast did not secrete hCG upon implantation of the blastocyst?
- The cells would not continue to divide.
- The corpus luteum would continue to produce progesterone and estrogen.
- Menses would flush the blastocyst out of the uterus.
- The uterine mucosa would not envelop the blastocyst.
During what process does the amnion envelop the embryo?
- embryonic folding
- gastrulation
- implantation
- organogenesis
The placenta is formed from ________.
- the embryo’s mesenchymal cells
- the mother’s endometrium only
- the mother’s endometrium and the embryo’s chorionic membrane
- the mother’s endometrium and the embryo’s umbilical cord
The foramen ovale causes the fetal circulatory system to bypass the ________.
- liver
- lungs
- kidneys
- gonads
What happens to the urine excreted by the fetus when the kidneys begin to function?
- The umbilical cord carries it to the placenta for removal.
- The endometrium absorbs it.
- It adds to the amniotic fluid.
- It is turned into meconium.
During weeks 9–12 of fetal development, ________.
- bone marrow begins to assume erythrocyte production
- meconium begins to accumulate in the intestines
- surfactant production begins in the fetal lungs
- the spinal cord begins to be myelinated
Progesterone secreted by the placenta suppresses ________ to prevent maturation of ovarian follicles.
- LH and estrogen
- hCG and FSH
- FSH and LH
- estrogen and hCG
Which of the following is a possible culprit of “morning sickness”?
- increased minute respiration
- decreased intestinal peristalsis
- decreased aldosterone secretion
- increased blood volume
How does the decrease in progesterone at the last weeks of pregnancy help to bring on labor?
- stimulating FSH production
- decreasing the levels of estrogens
- dilating the cervix
- decreasing the inhibition of uterine contractility
Which of these fetal presentations is the easiest for vaginal birth?
- complete breech
- vertex occiput anterior
- frank breech
- vertex occiput posterior
Which of these shunts exists between the right and left atria?
- foramen ovale
- ductus venosus
- ductus arteriosis
- foramen venosus
Why is brown fat important?
- It is the newborn’s primary source of insulation.
- It can be broken down to generate heat for thermoregulation.
- It can be broken down for energy between feedings.
- It can be converted to white fat.
Constriction of umbilical blood vessels during vaginal birth ________.
- causes respiratory alkalosis
- inhibits the respiratory center in the brain
- elevates carbon dioxide levels in the blood
- both a and b
Alveoli are connected to the lactiferous sinuses by ________.
- lactocytes
- lactiferous ducts
- nipple pores
- lobules
How is colostrum most important to a newborn?
- It helps boost the newborn’s immune system.
- It provides much needed fat.
- It satisfies the newborn’s thirst.
- It satisfies the infant’s appetite.
Mature breast milk ________.
- has more sodium than cow’s milk
- has more calcium than cow’s milk
- has more protein than cow’s milk
- has more fat than cow’s milk
Marfan syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Which of the following is true?
- Female offspring are more likely to be carriers of the disease.
- Male offspring are more likely to inherit the disease.
- Male and female offspring have the same likelihood of inheriting the disease.
- Female offspring are more likely to inherit the disease.
In addition to codominance, the ABO blood group antigens are also an example of ________.
- incomplete dominance
- X-linked recessive inheritance
- multiple alleles
- recessive lethal inheritance
Zoe has cystic fibrosis. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
- Zoe probably inherited one faulty allele from her father, who is a carrier, and one normal allele from her mother.
- Zoe probably inherited one faulty allele from her mother, who must also have cystic fibrosis, and one normal allele from her father.
- Zoe must have inherited faulty alleles from both parents, both of whom must also have cystic fibrosis.
- Zoe must have inherited faulty alleles from both parents, both of whom are carriers.