Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page
OpenStax Logo
Anatomy and Physiology 2e

Critical Thinking Questions

Anatomy and Physiology 2eCritical Thinking Questions

Critical Thinking Questions

31.

What is suggested by the presence of white blood cells found in the urine?

32.

Both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus produce large urine volumes, but how would other characteristics of the urine differ between the two diseases?

33.

Why are people with female reproductive systems more likely to contract bladder infections than people with male reproductive systems?

34.

Describe how forceful urination is accomplished.

35.

What anatomical structures provide protection to the kidney?

36.

How does the renal portal system differ from the hypothalamo–hypophyseal and digestive portal systems?

37.

Name the structures found in the renal hilum.

38.

Which structures make up the renal corpuscle?

39.

What are the major structures comprising the filtration membrane?

40.

Give the formula for net filtration pressure.

41.

Name at least five symptoms of kidney failure.

42.

Which vessels and what part of the nephron are involved in countercurrent multiplication?

43.

Give the approximate osmolarity of fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule, deepest part of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts.

44.

Explain what happens to Na+ concentration in the nephron when GFR increases.

45.

If you want the kidney to excrete more Na+ in the urine, what do you want the blood flow to do?

46.

What organs produce which hormones or enzymes in the renin–angiotensin system?

47.

PTH affects absorption and reabsorption of what?

48.

Why is ADH also called vasopressin?

49.

How can glucose be a diuretic?

50.

How does lack of protein in the blood cause edema?

51.

Which three electrolytes are most closely regulated by the kidney?

PreviousNext
Order a print copy
Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Jun 12, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.