Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure?
- mouth
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
Which of the following organs is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa?
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
Which of the following membranes covers the stomach?
- falciform ligament
- mesocolon
- parietal peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
Which of these processes occurs in the mouth?
- ingestion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- all of the above
Which of these processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?
- ingestion
- propulsion
- segmentation
- absorption
Which of the following stimuli activates sensors in the walls of digestive organs?
- breakdown products of digestion
- distension
- pH of chyme
- all of the above
Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
- Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
- Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
- Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
- Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.
Which of these ingredients in saliva is responsible for activating salivary amylase?
- mucus
- phosphate ions
- chloride ions
- urea
Which of these statements about the pharynx is true?
- It extends from the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the esophagus anteriorly.
- The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx.
- The nasopharynx is involved in digestion.
- The laryngopharynx is composed partially of cartilage.
Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm?
- esophageal hiatus
- cardiac orifice
- upper esophageal sphincter
- lower esophageal sphincter
Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis?
- voluntary phase
- buccal phase
- pharyngeal phase
- esophageal phase
Which of these cells secrete hormones?
- parietal cells
- mucous neck cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- chief cells
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
- fundus and body
- cardia and fundus
- body and pylorus
- body
During gastric emptying, chyme is released into the duodenum through the ________.
- esophageal hiatus
- pyloric antrum
- pyloric canal
- pyloric sphincter
Parietal cells secrete ________.
- gastrin
- hydrochloric acid
- pepsin
- pepsinogen
In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?
- stomach
- proximal small intestine
- distal small intestine
- ascending colon
Which of these is most associated with villi?
- haustra
- lacteals
- bacterial flora
- intestinal glands
What is the role of the small intestine’s MALT?
- secreting mucus
- buffering acidic chyme
- activating pepsin
- preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream
Which part of the large intestine attaches to the appendix?
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
Which of these statements about bile is true?
- About 500 mL is secreted daily.
- Its main function is the denaturation of proteins.
- It is synthesized in the gallbladder.
- Bile salts are recycled.
Pancreatic juice ________.
- deactivates bile.
- is secreted by pancreatic islet cells.
- buffers chyme.
- is released into the cystic duct.
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
- pancreatic amylase
- trypsin
- sucrase
- pancreatic nuclease
Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced?
- small intestine
- gallbladder
- liver
- pancreas
Which of these nutrients is absorbed mainly in the duodenum?
- glucose
- iron
- sodium
- water