Key Terms
- chivalry
- a code of ideal conduct meant to validate the practices of noble warriors by Christianizing knightly violence and behavior
- Cluniac reform
- a movement that aimed to limit the influence of aristocrats in church matters
- dynatoi
- members of the Byzantine elite who often compromised imperial authority
- feudalism
- a collection of practices that bound lesser lords to greater lords through land and privileges given in return for personal and military support
- Great Schism of 1054
- the conflict that solidified the separation of the eastern and western Christian churches
- jihad
- a religiously infused conflict waged on behalf of Islam, or any struggle a Muslim undertakes in the name of Allah
- mamluks
- educated, formerly enslaved men who served as soldiers and administrators in Islamic societies beginning in the ninth century
- manorialism
- a medieval economic system of agricultural production directed by a lord and carried out by serfs or other varieties of unfree laborers
- Outremer
- the French name for the four Crusader States created after the First Crusade, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- papacy
- the set of administrative structures associated with the government of the Catholic Church primarily—but not exclusively—linked with the city of Rome
- serfs
- unfree peasants who owed labor to a feudal lord and lived under the lord’s authority
- Sufism
- the mystical expression of Islamic faith
- sultan
- a ruler who claims authority over the Islamic community but not necessarily the title of caliph