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University Physics Volume 3

Chapter 6

University Physics Volume 3Chapter 6
Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Optics
    1. 1 The Nature of Light
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Propagation of Light
      3. 1.2 The Law of Reflection
      4. 1.3 Refraction
      5. 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
      6. 1.5 Dispersion
      7. 1.6 Huygens’s Principle
      8. 1.7 Polarization
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    2. 2 Geometric Optics and Image Formation
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
      3. 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
      4. 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
      5. 2.4 Thin Lenses
      6. 2.5 The Eye
      7. 2.6 The Camera
      8. 2.7 The Simple Magnifier
      9. 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
      10. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    3. 3 Interference
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
      3. 3.2 Mathematics of Interference
      4. 3.3 Multiple-Slit Interference
      5. 3.4 Interference in Thin Films
      6. 3.5 The Michelson Interferometer
      7. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 4 Diffraction
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction
      3. 4.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction
      4. 4.3 Double-Slit Diffraction
      5. 4.4 Diffraction Gratings
      6. 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
      7. 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction
      8. 4.7 Holography
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  3. Modern Physics
    1. 5 Relativity
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
      3. 5.2 Relativity of Simultaneity
      4. 5.3 Time Dilation
      5. 5.4 Length Contraction
      6. 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
      7. 5.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation
      8. 5.7 Doppler Effect for Light
      9. 5.8 Relativistic Momentum
      10. 5.9 Relativistic Energy
      11. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    2. 6 Photons and Matter Waves
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
      3. 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
      4. 6.3 The Compton Effect
      5. 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
      6. 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
      7. 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    3. 7 Quantum Mechanics
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Wave Functions
      3. 7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
      4. 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation
      5. 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
      6. 7.5 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
      7. 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 8 Atomic Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
      3. 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
      4. 8.3 Electron Spin
      5. 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
      6. 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
      7. 8.6 Lasers
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    5. 9 Condensed Matter Physics
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
      3. 9.2 Molecular Spectra
      4. 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
      5. 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
      6. 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
      7. 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
      8. 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
      9. 9.8 Superconductivity
      10. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    6. 10 Nuclear Physics
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
      3. 10.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
      4. 10.3 Radioactive Decay
      5. 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
      6. 10.5 Fission
      7. 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
      8. 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    7. 11 Particle Physics and Cosmology
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
      3. 11.2 Particle Conservation Laws
      4. 11.3 Quarks
      5. 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
      6. 11.5 The Standard Model
      7. 11.6 The Big Bang
      8. 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  4. A | Units
  5. B | Conversion Factors
  6. C | Fundamental Constants
  7. D | Astronomical Data
  8. E | Mathematical Formulas
  9. F | Chemistry
  10. G | The Greek Alphabet
  11. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
  12. Index

Check Your Understanding

6.1

Bunsen’s burner

6.2

The wavelength of the radiation maximum decreases with increasing temperature.

6.3

Tα/Tβ=1/3≅0.58,Tα/Tβ=1/3≅0.58, so the star ββ is hotter.

6.4

3.3 × 10 −19 J 3.3 × 10 −19 J

6.5

No, because then ΔE/E≈10−21ΔE/E≈10−21

6.6

−0.91−0.91 V; 1040 nm

6.7

h = 6.40 × 10 −34 J · s = 4.0 × 10 −15 eV · s; − 3.5 % h = 6.40 × 10 −34 J · s = 4.0 × 10 −15 eV · s; − 3.5 %

6.8

(Δλ)min=0m(Δλ)min=0m at a 0°0° angle; 71.0pm+0.5λc=72.215pm71.0pm+0.5λc=72.215pm

6.9

121.5 nm and 91.1 nm; no, these spectral bands are in the ultraviolet

6.10

v2=1.1×106m/s≅0.0036c;v2=1.1×106m/s≅0.0036c; L2=2ℏK2=3.4eVL2=2ℏK2=3.4eV

6.11

29 pm

6.12

λ = 2 π n a 0 = 2 ( 3.324 Å ) = 6.648 Å λ = 2 π n a 0 = 2 ( 3.324 Å ) = 6.648 Å

6.13

λ=2.14pm;λ=2.14pm; K=261.56keVK=261.56keV

6.14

0.052 ° 0.052 °

6.15

doubles it

Conceptual Questions

1.

yellow

3.

goes from red to violet through the rainbow of colors

5.

would not differ

7.

human eye does not see IR radiation

9.

No

11.

from the slope

13.

Answers may vary

15.

the particle character

17.

Answers may vary

19.

no; yes

21.

no

23.

right angle

25.

no

27.

They are at ground state.

29.

Answers may vary

31.

increase

33.

for larger n

35.

Yes, the excess of 13.6 eV will become kinetic energy of a free electron.

37.

no

39.

X-rays, best resolving power

41.

proton

43.

negligibly small de Broglie’s wavelengths

45.

to avoid collisions with air molecules

47.

Answers may vary

49.

Answers may vary

51.

yes

53.

yes

Problems

55.

a. 0.81 eV; b. 2.1×1023;2.1×1023; c. 2 min 20 sec

57.

a. 7245 K; b. 3.62 μm

59.

about 3 K

61.

4.835×10184.835×1018 Hz; 0.620 Å

63.

263 nm; no

65.

3.68 eV

67.

4.09 eV

69.

5.60 eV

71.

a. 1.89 eV; b. 459 THz; c. 1.21 V

73.

264 nm; UV

75.

1.95 × 10 6 m/s 1.95 × 10 6 m/s

77.

1.66 × 10 − 32 kg · m/s 1.66 × 10 − 32 kg · m/s

79.

56.21 eV

81.

6.63×10−23kg·m/s;6.63×10−23kg·m/s; 124 keV

83.

82.9 fm; 15 MeV

85.

(Proof)

87.

Δ λ 30 / Δ λ 45 = 45.74 % Δ λ 30 / Δ λ 45 = 45.74 %

89.

121.5 nm

91.

a. 0.661 eV; b. –10.2 eV; c. 1.511 eV

93.

3038 THz

95.

97.33 nm

97.

a. h/π;π; b. 3.4 eV; c. – 6.8 eV; d. – 3.4 eV

99.

n = 4 n = 4

101.

365 nm; UV

103.

no

105.

7

107.

145.5 pm

109.

20 fm; 9 fm

111.

a. 2.103 eV; b. 0.846 nm

113.

80.9 pm

115.

2.21 × 10 − 19 m/s 2.21 × 10 − 19 m/s

117.

9.929 × 10 32 9.929 × 10 32

119.

γ=1060;γ=1060; 0.00124 fm

121.

24.11 V

123.

a. P=2I/c=8.67×10−6N/m2;P=2I/c=8.67×10−6N/m2; b. a=PA/m=8.67×10-4m/s2;a=PA/m=8.67×10-4m/s2; c. 74.91 m/s

125.

x = 4.965 x = 4.965

Additional Problems

127.

7.124 × 10 16 W/m 3 7.124 × 10 16 W/m 3

129.

1.034 eV

131.

5.93 × 10 18 5.93 × 10 18

133.

387.8 nm

135.

a. 4.02×1015;4.02×1015; b. 0.533 mW

137.

a. 4.02×1015;4.02×1015; b. 0.533 mW; c. 0.644 mA; d. 2.57 ns

139.

a. 0.132 pm; b. 9.39 MeV; c. 0.047 MeV

141.

a. 2 kJ; b. 1.33×10−5kg·m/s;1.33×10−5kg·m/s; c. 1.33×10−5N;1.33×10−5N; d. yes

143.

a. 0.003 nm; b. 105.56°105.56°

145.

n = 3 n = 3

147.

a. a0/2;a0/2; b. −54.4eV/n2;−54.4eV/n2; c. a0/3,−122.4eV/n2a0/3,−122.4eV/n2

149.

a. 36; b. 18.2 nm; c. UV

151.

396 nm; 5.23 neV

153.

7.3 keV

155.

728 m/s; 1.5μV1.5μV

157.

λ = h c / K ( 2 E 0 + K ) = 3.705 × 10 − 12 m, K = 100 keV λ = h c / K ( 2 E 0 + K ) = 3.705 × 10 − 12 m, K = 100 keV

159.

Δ λ c ( electron ) / Δ λ c ( proton ) = m p / m e = 1836 Δ λ c ( electron ) / Δ λ c ( proton ) = m p / m e = 1836

161.

(Proof)

163.

5.1 × 10 17 Hz 5.1 × 10 17 Hz

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