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Key Equations

Displacement current Id=ε0dΦEdtId=ε0dΦEdt
Gauss’s law E·dA=Qinε0E·dA=Qinε0
Gauss’s law for magnetism B·dA=0B·dA=0
Faraday’s law E·dl=dΦmdtE·dl=dΦmdt
Ampère-Maxwell law B·dl=μ0I+ε0μ0dΦEdtB·dl=μ0I+ε0μ0dΦEdt
Wave equation for plane EM wave 2Eyx2=ε0μ02Eyt22Eyx2=ε0μ02Eyt2
Speed of EM waves c=1ε0μ0c=1ε0μ0
Ratio of E field to B field in electromagnetic wave c=EBc=EB
Energy flux (Poynting) vector S=1μ0E×BS=1μ0E×B
Average intensity of an electromagnetic wave I=Savg=cε0E022=cB022μ0=E0B02μ0I=Savg=cε0E022=cB022μ0=E0B02μ0
Radiation pressure p={I/cPerfect absorber2I/cPerfect reflectorp={I/cPerfect absorber2I/cPerfect reflector
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