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University Physics Volume 2

14.1 Mutual Inductance

University Physics Volume 214.1 Mutual Inductance

Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Thermodynamics
    1. 1 Temperature and Heat
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
      3. 1.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
      4. 1.3 Thermal Expansion
      5. 1.4 Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry
      6. 1.5 Phase Changes
      7. 1.6 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    2. 2 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
      3. 2.2 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed
      4. 2.3 Heat Capacity and Equipartition of Energy
      5. 2.4 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    3. 3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Thermodynamic Systems
      3. 3.2 Work, Heat, and Internal Energy
      4. 3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
      5. 3.4 Thermodynamic Processes
      6. 3.5 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas
      7. 3.6 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
      3. 4.2 Heat Engines
      4. 4.3 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
      5. 4.4 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
      6. 4.5 The Carnot Cycle
      7. 4.6 Entropy
      8. 4.7 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  3. Electricity and Magnetism
    1. 5 Electric Charges and Fields
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Electric Charge
      3. 5.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction
      4. 5.3 Coulomb's Law
      5. 5.4 Electric Field
      6. 5.5 Calculating Electric Fields of Charge Distributions
      7. 5.6 Electric Field Lines
      8. 5.7 Electric Dipoles
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    2. 6 Gauss's Law
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Electric Flux
      3. 6.2 Explaining Gauss’s Law
      4. 6.3 Applying Gauss’s Law
      5. 6.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    3. 7 Electric Potential
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Electric Potential Energy
      3. 7.2 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
      4. 7.3 Calculations of Electric Potential
      5. 7.4 Determining Field from Potential
      6. 7.5 Equipotential Surfaces and Conductors
      7. 7.6 Applications of Electrostatics
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 8 Capacitance
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Capacitors and Capacitance
      3. 8.2 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
      4. 8.3 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
      5. 8.4 Capacitor with a Dielectric
      6. 8.5 Molecular Model of a Dielectric
      7. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    5. 9 Current and Resistance
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Electrical Current
      3. 9.2 Model of Conduction in Metals
      4. 9.3 Resistivity and Resistance
      5. 9.4 Ohm's Law
      6. 9.5 Electrical Energy and Power
      7. 9.6 Superconductors
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    6. 10 Direct-Current Circuits
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Electromotive Force
      3. 10.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
      4. 10.3 Kirchhoff's Rules
      5. 10.4 Electrical Measuring Instruments
      6. 10.5 RC Circuits
      7. 10.6 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    7. 11 Magnetic Forces and Fields
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 Magnetism and Its Historical Discoveries
      3. 11.2 Magnetic Fields and Lines
      4. 11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
      5. 11.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
      6. 11.5 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
      7. 11.6 The Hall Effect
      8. 11.7 Applications of Magnetic Forces and Fields
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    8. 12 Sources of Magnetic Fields
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 The Biot-Savart Law
      3. 12.2 Magnetic Field Due to a Thin Straight Wire
      4. 12.3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Currents
      5. 12.4 Magnetic Field of a Current Loop
      6. 12.5 Ampère’s Law
      7. 12.6 Solenoids and Toroids
      8. 12.7 Magnetism in Matter
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    9. 13 Electromagnetic Induction
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Faraday’s Law
      3. 13.2 Lenz's Law
      4. 13.3 Motional Emf
      5. 13.4 Induced Electric Fields
      6. 13.5 Eddy Currents
      7. 13.6 Electric Generators and Back Emf
      8. 13.7 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    10. 14 Inductance
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Mutual Inductance
      3. 14.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors
      4. 14.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
      5. 14.4 RL Circuits
      6. 14.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
      7. 14.6 RLC Series Circuits
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    11. 15 Alternating-Current Circuits
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 AC Sources
      3. 15.2 Simple AC Circuits
      4. 15.3 RLC Series Circuits with AC
      5. 15.4 Power in an AC Circuit
      6. 15.5 Resonance in an AC Circuit
      7. 15.6 Transformers
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    12. 16 Electromagnetic Waves
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
      3. 16.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
      4. 16.3 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
      5. 16.4 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
      6. 16.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
      7. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  4. A | Units
  5. B | Conversion Factors
  6. C | Fundamental Constants
  7. D | Astronomical Data
  8. E | Mathematical Formulas
  9. F | Chemistry
  10. G | The Greek Alphabet
  11. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
  12. Index

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

  • Correlate two nearby circuits that carry time-varying currents with the emf induced in each circuit
  • Describe examples in which mutual inductance may or may not be desirable

Inductance is the property of a device that tells us how effectively it induces an emf in another device. In other words, it is a physical quantity that expresses the effectiveness of a given device.

When two circuits carrying time-varying currents are close to one another, the magnetic flux through each circuit varies because of the changing current I in the other circuit. Consequently, an emf is induced in each circuit by the changing current in the other. This type of emf is therefore called a mutually induced emf, and the phenomenon that occurs is known as mutual inductance (M). As an example, let’s consider two tightly wound coils (Figure 14.2). Coils 1 and 2 have N1N1 and N2N2 turns and carry currents I1I1 and I2,I2, respectively. The flux through a single turn of coil 2 produced by the magnetic field of the current in coil 1 is Φ21,Φ21, whereas the flux through a single turn of coil 1 due to the magnetic field of I2I2 is Φ12.Φ12.

Figure shows the cross sections of two coils. In each one, the cross sections of the wire of the coil are shown as two circles, one at the top and the other at the bottom. Dots in the upper circles and crosses in the lower ones indicate the direction of flow of current. Coil 1 has field lines labeled B1 passing from between the two circles, going right. Some of these pass through coil 2, which is smaller than coil 1.
Figure 14.2 Some of the magnetic field lines produced by the current in coil 1 pass through coil 2.

The mutual inductance M21M21 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 is the ratio of the flux through the N2N2 turns of coil 2 produced by the magnetic field of the current in coil 1, divided by that current, that is,

M21=N2Φ21I1.M21=N2Φ21I1.
14.1

Similarly, the mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2 is

M12=N1Φ12I2.M12=N1Φ12I2.
14.2

Like capacitance, mutual inductance is a geometric quantity. It depends on the shapes and relative positions of the two coils, and it is independent of the currents in the coils. The SI unit for mutual inductance M is called the henry (H) in honor of Joseph Henry (1799–1878), an American scientist who discovered induced emf independently of Faraday. Thus, we have 1H=1V·s/A1H=1V·s/A. From Equation 14.1 and Equation 14.2, we can show that M21=M12,M21=M12, so we usually drop the subscripts associated with mutual inductance and write

M=N2Φ21I1=N1Φ12I2.M=N2Φ21I1=N1Φ12I2.
14.3

The emf developed in either coil is found by combining Faraday’s law and the definition of mutual inductance. Since N2Φ21N2Φ21 is the total flux through coil 2 due to I1I1, we obtain

ε2=ddt(N2Φ21)=ddt(MI1)=MdI1dtε2=ddt(N2Φ21)=ddt(MI1)=MdI1dt
14.4

where we have used the fact that M is a time-independent constant because the geometry is time-independent. Similarly, we have

ε1=MdI2dt.ε1=MdI2dt.
14.5

In Equation 14.5, we can see the significance of the earlier description of mutual inductance (M) as a geometric quantity. The value of M neatly encapsulates the physical properties of circuit elements and allows us to separate the physical layout of the circuit from the dynamic quantities, such as the emf and the current. Equation 14.5 defines the mutual inductance in terms of properties in the circuit, whereas the previous definition of mutual inductance in Equation 14.1 is defined in terms of the magnetic flux experienced, regardless of circuit elements. You should be careful when using Equation 14.4 and Equation 14.5 because ε1andε2ε1andε2 do not necessarily represent the total emfs in the respective coils. Each coil can also have an emf induced in it because of its self-inductance (self-inductance will be discussed in more detail in a later section).

A large mutual inductance M may or may not be desirable. We want a transformer to have a large mutual inductance. But an appliance, such as an electric clothes dryer, can induce a dangerous emf on its metal case if the mutual inductance between its coils and the case is large. One way to reduce mutual inductance is to counter-wind coils to cancel the magnetic field produced (Figure 14.3).

Figure a shows a heating coil within a metal case of a clothes dryer. Figure b shows the same coil, enlarged. The coil is wound on a cylinder in such a way that one wire is wound all the way to the other side, twisted around and wound all the way back. Thus, two adjacent windings have current flowing in opposite directions.
Figure 14.3 The heating coils of an electric clothes dryer can be counter-wound so that their magnetic fields cancel one another, greatly reducing the mutual inductance with the case of the dryer.

Digital signal processing is another example in which mutual inductance is reduced by counter-winding coils. The rapid on/off emf representing 1s and 0s in a digital circuit creates a complex time-dependent magnetic field. An emf can be generated in neighboring conductors. If that conductor is also carrying a digital signal, the induced emf may be large enough to switch 1s and 0s, with consequences ranging from inconvenient to disastrous.

Example 14.1

Mutual Inductance

Figure 14.4 shows a coil of N2N2 turns and radius R2R2 surrounding a long solenoid of length l1,l1, radius R1,R1, and N1N1 turns. (a) What is the mutual inductance of the two coils? (b) If N1=500turnsN1=500turns, N2=10turnsN2=10turns, R1=3.10cmR1=3.10cm, l1=75.0cml1=75.0cm, and the current in the solenoid is changing at a rate of 200 A/s, what is the emf induced in the surrounding coil?
Figure shows a solenoid, in the form of a long coil with a small diameter, that is concentrically arranged with another, bigger coil. The radius of the solenoid is R1 and that of the coil is R2. The length of the solenoid is l1.
Figure 14.4 A solenoid surrounded by a coil.

Strategy

There is no magnetic field outside the solenoid, and the field inside has magnitude B1=μ0(N1/l1)I1B1=μ0(N1/l1)I1 and is directed parallel to the solenoid’s axis. We can use this magnetic field to find the magnetic flux through the surrounding coil and then use this flux to calculate the mutual inductance for part (a), using Equation 14.3. We solve part (b) by calculating the mutual inductance from the given quantities and using Equation 14.4 to calculate the induced emf.

Solution

  1. The magnetic flux Φ21Φ21 through the surrounding coil is
    Φ21=B1πR12=μ0N1I1l1πR12.Φ21=B1πR12=μ0N1I1l1πR12.
    Now from Equation 14.3, the mutual inductance is
    M=N2Φ21I1=(N2I1)(μ0N1I1l1)πR12=μ0N1N2πR12l1.M=N2Φ21I1=(N2I1)(μ0N1I1l1)πR12=μ0N1N2πR12l1.
  2. Using the previous expression and the given values, the mutual inductance is
    M=(4π×10−7T·m/A)(500)(10)π(0.0310m)20.750m=2.53×10−5H.M=(4π×10−7T·m/A)(500)(10)π(0.0310m)20.750m=2.53×10−5H.
    Thus, from Equation 14.4, the emf induced in the surrounding coil is
    ε2=MdI1dt=(2.53×10−5H)(200A/s)=−5.06×10−3V.ε2=MdI1dt=(2.53×10−5H)(200A/s)=−5.06×10−3V.

Significance

Notice that M in part (a) is independent of the radius R2R2 of the surrounding coil because the solenoid’s magnetic field is confined to its interior. In principle, we can also calculate M by finding the magnetic flux through the solenoid produced by the current in the surrounding coil. This approach is much more difficult because Φ12Φ12 is so complicated. However, since M12=M21,M12=M21, we do know the result of this calculation.

Check Your Understanding 14.1

A current I(t)=(5.0A)sin((120πrad/s)t)I(t)=(5.0A)sin((120πrad/s)t) flows through the solenoid of part (b) of Example 14.1. What is the maximum emf induced in the surrounding coil?

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