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Statistics

Formula Review

StatisticsFormula Review

4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation

Mean or Expected Value: μ= xX xP(x) μ= xX xP(x)

Standard Deviation: σ= xX (xμ) 2 P(x) σ= xX (xμ) 2 P(x)

4.3 Binomial Distribution (Optional)

X ~ B(n, p) means that the discrete random variable X has a binomial probability distribution with n trials and probability of success p.

X = the number of successes in n independent trials

n = the number of independent trials

X takes on the values x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n

p = the probability of a success for any trial

q = the probability of a failure for any trial

p + q = 1

q = 1 – p

The mean of X is μ = np. The standard deviation of X is σ = npq npq .

4.4 Geometric Distribution (Optional)

X ~ G(p) means that the discrete random variable X has a geometric probability distribution with probability of success in a single trial p.

X = the number of independent trials until the first success

X takes on the values x = 1, 2, 3, . . .

p = the probability of a success for any trial

q = the probability of a failure for any trial
p + q = 1 : q = 1 – p

The mean is μ = 1 p 1 p .

The standard deviation is σ = 1  p p 2 1  p p 2 = 1 p ( 1 p 1 ) 1 p ( 1 p 1 ) .

4.5 Hypergeometric Distribution (Optional)

X ~ H(r, b, n) means that the discrete random variable X has a hypergeometric probability distribution with r = the size of the group of interest (first group), b = the size of the second group, and n = the size of the chosen sample.

X = the number of items from the group of interest that are in the chosen sample, and X may take on the values x = 0, 1, . . . , up to the size of the group of interest. The minimum value for X may be larger than zero in some instances.

nr + b

The mean of X is given by the formula μ = nr r + b nr r + b and the standard deviation is = rbn(r + bn) (r + b) 2 (r + b1) rbn(r + bn) (r + b) 2 (r + b1) .

4.6 Poisson Distribution (Optional)

X ~ P(μ) means that X has a Poisson probability distribution where X = the number of occurrences in the interval of interest.

X takes on the values x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .

The mean μ is typically given.

The variance is σ2 = μ, and the standard deviation is
σ =  μ σ =  μ .

When P(μ) is used to approximate a binomial distribution, μ = np where n represents the number of independent trials and p represents the probability of success in a single trial.

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