Review Questions

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

1. child riding a bike
2. teen socializing
3. infant sucking on a nipple
4. toddler walking

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

1. is innate
2. occurs as a result of experience
3. is found only in humans
4. occurs by observing others

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

1. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
2. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning
3. operant conditioning; observational learning
4. operant conditioning; learning conditioning

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

1. associative learning
2. observational learning
3. operant conditioning
4. classical conditioning

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

1. unconditioned stimulus
2. neutral stimulus
3. conditioned stimulus
4. unconditioned response

In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

1. higher order conditioning
2. acquisition
3. stimulus discrimination
4. stimulus generalization

Extinction occurs when ________.

1. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
2. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
3. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
4. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

1. unconditioned responses
2. conditioned responses
3. unconditioned stimuli
4. conditioned stimuli

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. positive punishment
4. negative punishment

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

1. food
2. money
3. water
4. sex

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

1. shaping
2. extinction
3. positive reinforcement
4. negative reinforcement

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

1. fixed ratio
2. variable ratio
3. fixed interval
4. variable interval

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

1. teacher
2. model
3. instructor
4. coach

In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

1. ignored the doll
2. played nicely with the doll
3. played with tinker toys
4. kicked and threw the doll

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

1. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
2. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention
3. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction
4. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction

Who proposed observational learning?

1. Ivan Pavlov
2. John Watson
3. Albert Bandura
4. B. F. Skinner