8.4 Marketing to Hispanic, Black, and Asian Consumers

Hispanic Identity

Let’s examine the data from the 2020 US Census to better understand Hispanic consumers. The Hispanic population reached over 63 million people in 2020. Is this number significant? Yes, because it means that one out of every five people in the United States is Hispanic or of Hispanic descent. This is a 23 percent growth since the previous census! In fact, the Hispanic population has grown significantly in the last four decades. The Hispanic population is projected to reach almost 100 million individuals by 2050.

Hispanic people are not a uniform group or single ethnicity. On the contrary, the Hispanic population in the United States is very diverse. Hispanic people originate from 20 different countries, as shown in Figure 8.12, and can belong to any race. An overwhelming 83 percent of the Hispanic population belongs to just five subethnicities. These subgroups are Mexican (62.2 percent), Puerto Rican (9.5 percent), Cuban (3.9 percent), Salvadoran (3.9 percent), and Dominican (3.5 percent).⁴⁹ The rest of the population is made up of the other 15 Hispanic subethnicities.

You are probably familiar with the terms Hispanic, Latino/Latina, and Latinx. They are often used interchangeably but can have different meanings. Hispanic is a language-based term that describes individuals from a Spanish-speaking country. Latino/Latina is a location-based term that identifies gendered individuals whose families originate in Latin America regardless of the language they speak. For example, a person from Spain is considered Hispanic because of language but not Latino because of location. A person from Brazil is considered Latino/Latina because of location but not Hispanic because of language (Brazilians speak Portuguese). Unlike Latino/Latina, the term Latinx is gender neutral. While Latinx has picked up momentum among some groups, many Hispanic people dislike the word or find it offensive.

Figure 8.12 Hispanic People and Latinos in the United States by Country of Origin (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license)

Many cultures integrate traditions in their lives as the generations progress. Hispanic people demonstrate this same movement of traditions, from their countries and cultures of origin into their family practices in the United States. Why is that? It has to do with identity. Identity is a person’s self-image. Cultural identity, in particular, is how a person identifies with a given culture, ethnicity, or social group. It is a sense of belonging that influences personal thinking and actions.

For the majority of Hispanic people, identity is strongly linked to heritage or to their family’s country of origin.⁵⁰ Customs and social practices are strong components as well. To increase its connection with these consumers, Target (see Figure 8.13) appealed to the Hispanic identity with its sobremesa commercial. The sobremesa is the additional time spent at the dinner table with friends and family after a big meal for relaxing or having meaningful conversations. This Hispanic tradition does not have a direct translation in terms of American culture. Target created the hashtag #SinTraducción for the campaign, which means “without translation” to further emphasize this. Target also used “There will always be a part of you that simply doesn’t translate” as the slogan for social media outreach. The commercial is part of the retailer’s first campaign ever aimed directly at Hispanic millennials.

Figure 8.13 Target created the sobremesa commercial as a way to appeal to the Hispanic identity. (credit: “Target” by Mike Mozart, JeepersMedia/flickr, CC BY 2.0)

Black Identity

Black people are the second largest multicultural group in the United States after Hispanic people. Let’s consider the statistics from the 2020 US Census again. The Black population shows growth at 46.8 million people in 2020 versus 38.9 million people a decade earlier. Black consumers make up 14.2 percent of the country’s total inhabitants. Another key point is that individuals who identify as Black in combination with another race have increased 88.7 percent since the last census. This “in combination” trend is not unique to the Black community; the “in combination” identification accounted for the majority of the changes in all the racial categories.⁵¹

This multicultural segment shows a couple of other interesting changes that impact consumer and consumption behaviors. For example, Black consumers are forecasted to account for 15–17 percent of the total population growth in the nation over the next decade. Black people have also had the largest change in education level in recent years. Since the 2010 census, the percentage of Black people with an undergraduate degree has increased by more than 55 percent. ⁵²

While Black people account for 14.2 percent of the population, this segment makes up just under 10 percent of spending on goods and services. This is because Black workers earn a lower median income than other demographics. However, this inequity in spending and wealth is showing signs of moving toward a better balance. The growing Black population is estimated by management consulting firm McKinsey to represent over $300 billion per year in unmet demand.⁵³

A 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center shows that nearly 75 percent of Black people believe that race is at the center of their identity.⁵⁴ Race is deeply tied to how people perceive themselves. When it comes to defining the Black identity further, the community is also facing a unique challenge. There is a growing argument in the United States over differences between Black people who emigrated from Africa and those who did not. The debate is caused by the ancestral link to slavery that many American-born Black people have but immigrants do not. Plus, Black people can also have other subethnicities such as Black Hispanic and multiracial (White, Asian, or Native American). While the subethnicities may not be physically visible, marketers need to be aware that identity differences can be significant among the Black population.

These multicultural consumers also feel relatively well connected to the broader Black community and prioritize social activities that offer support to the group as a whole. To show solidarity with the BLM movement, popular ice cream brand Ben & Jerry’s (see Figure 8.14) named one of its flavors “Justice ReMix’d” to raise awareness of racism and criminal justice reform. The company worked with the Advancement Project national office to advocate for social change and civil rights. Ben & Jerry’s also enacted a multipoint corporate plan challenging other companies to champion the cause and join the conversation about racial inequalities.

Figure 8.14 Ben & Jerry’s created a new flavor of ice cream as a way to connect with the Black Lives Matter movement and raise awareness around racism and criminal justice reform. (credit: “Peace, Love & Ice Cream” by Rob Olivera/flickr, CC BY 2.0)

Asian Identity

The Asian population in the United States has also increased since the last census. This growth has been fueled largely by foreign-born individuals. There were 19.9 million people in 2020 who identified as single-race Asians. This number is up from 14.7 million a decade earlier. There were also 4.1 million people in 2020 who identified primarily as Asian “in combination” with another race. In fact, this combination of single race and mixed race increased a whopping 55.5 percent from 2010 to 2020, making it one of the fastest-growing demographic segments.⁵⁵ Overall, the Asian population in the United States is 24 million individuals, which is 7.2 percent of the total country’s inhabitants. The US Census Bureau projects this multicultural community to more than double by 2060.

Like the Hispanic population, the Asian population is very diverse too. Figure 8.15 shows the 22 different subethnicities that make up these multicultural consumers. Did you know that six of these origin groups account for 85 percent of the total Asian American community? These groups derive from the Asian continent and the Indian subcontinent. These origin groups are Chinese (24 percent), Indian (21 percent), Filipino (19 percent), Vietnamese (10 percent), Korean (9 percent), and Japanese (7 percent).⁵⁶ The remainder of the Asian people come from Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and other subgroups.

Figure 8.15 Groups of Origin for the Asian Population in the United States (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license)

The geographic distribution of this population is worth noting. There are over 9.8 million Asian people living in the western region of the country. This is nearly half the entire Asian population! Plus, almost one-third of Asian consumers live in California alone, making Asians one of the state’s largest population segments. The southern states have the second largest Asian population with 5.3 million individuals. Overall, Asian people are projected to be the largest source of immigrants by 2055, accounting for 36 percent of all immigration, followed by Hispanic people at 34 percent.⁵⁷

As an immigrant group, Asian people have the fastest adoption rate of the English language. Almost 75 percent of Asian households speak English, and nearly two-thirds of American-born Asians speak English only. Asian people are also more likely than the average American household to live in a multigenerational setting.⁵⁸ Because of their diversity and unique characteristics, it is difficult to narrow it down to a uniform Asian identity. This poses a challenge for marketers. Creating generalized messages for Asian people or having a “one size fits all” marketing approach is unwise. Plus, making assumptions about consumers’ purchasing behaviors as a singular market can be very tricky, if not inadvisable, because there is not a sole Asian cultural identity.

A 2019 survey about race found that 56 percent of Asian people said race was a key part of their identity.⁵⁹ Using this insight, Nike created two different—but very effective—commercials targeting different subsegments of Asian consumers. Nike’s “The Great Chase” is inspired by the longtime Chinese tradition of gifting money in little red envelopes.

Hispanic Consumers

Hispanic consumers in general are optimistic, family-oriented, warmhearted, and hospitable.⁶² The culture’s energy and liveliness are visible through elements like music, food, decor, and language. Hispanic people place a high value on relationships and social interactions. Have you noticed that some commercials aimed at Hispanic consumers show people in close proximity, touching, or hugging? Physical contact is important to this multicultural segment. It is seen as a way to build trust and group harmony. Did you notice it in Target’s sobremesa commercial?

Hispanic consumers support brands that demonstrate cultural authenticity, transparency, and honesty. After all, openness and having meaningful connections are at the heart of these consumers’ values. In terms of factors, the concept of product quality and service quality is deeply desirable to Hispanic consumers. Have you heard of Hispanic actress Jessica Alba? Alba, who is of Mexican descent, founded The Honest Company (see Figure 8.16) in 2012 with the mission of formulating safe, high-quality personal and beauty products for the family. Other factors that influence Hispanic consumers include companies’ pledges to sustainability and social responsibility. Indeed, these are growing concerns that shape this community’s purchasing behaviors.

Figure 8.16 Hispanic consumers support products that demonstrate the qualities that are important to them—optimistic, family-oriented, warmhearted, and hospitable—which is why the Honest Company’s message of safe products for the family resonates. (credit: “A Few of My Favorite Fhings: Honest Company” by Abi Porter/flickr, CC BY 2.0)

Black Consumers

Two noteworthy characteristics of Black consumers in general are determination and self-expression. As you read earlier in the chapter, race is a key component of the Black identity. The social, educational, and economic struggles that Black people have faced because of racial discrimination and injustice have made these consumers highly determined to pursue their dreams regardless of the obstacles encountered. Self-expression is also a significant cultural trait. It is a way to show personal pride in one’s identity. Among Black consumers, self-expression is typically conveyed through fashion, music, sports, and the arts.

Like Hispanic consumers, Black people are optimistic and resilient. Strong community bonds, observance of religious practices, and deep commitments to social activism are factors closely linked to Black consumers’ identities. The opportunity to raise a collective voice about key issues is a fueling factor too. In 2020, Beats by Dre launched the “You Love Me” campaign (see Figure 8.17).

Figure 8.17 Beats Electronics, founded by Black rapper Dr. Dre, launched its “You Love Me” campaign in 2020. (credit: “Beats by Dr Dre” by Mike Mozart, JeepersMedia/flickr, CC BY 2.0)

Asian Consumers

Asian cultures are steeped in rich traditions and customs. Asian consumers are very proud of their heritage, and at the same time, they identify well with the American culture. Asian people share this cultural duality characteristic with Hispanic people. Cultural duality is not the same thing as acculturation. Cultural duality happens when an individual’s cultures overlap with each other and the person feels a sense of belonging to both simultaneously. Did you know that almost 50 percent of Asian consumers in the United States watch TV in both English and in an Asian language?⁶³ This helps them stay current with American culture while keeping connected with their native culture.

Shared societal values are a trait that influence people’s behaviors. One of these is collectivism. Think about Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, individualism versus collectivism in particular. Collectivism places more emphasis on group activities than on individual ones. Overall, Asian societies are collectivistic, though the degree of collectivism varies among the populations’ countries of origin.⁶⁴ Cultural celebrations are also a factor linked to identity. Instacart, Target, Wells Fargo, and Toyota are just a few companies marketing to Asian consumers in the United States using traditional festivities like Diwali and Lunar New Year to appeal to the group’s collectivism.