Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page

References

1. Daniel Campos, “Committing to the Core: How McDonald’s Innovated to Survive (and Thrive) During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Digital Innovation and Transformation (February 10, 2021), accessed August 04, 2021, https://digital.hbs.edu/platform-digit/submission/committing-to-the-core-how-mcdonalds-innovated-to-survive-and-thrive-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/.
2. MSG Management Study Guide. (n.d.), accessed August 4, 2021, https://www.managementstudyguide.com/cultural-factors-affecting-consumer-behaviour.htm.
3. “What Is Social Class?” (n.d.), accessed March 7, 2022, https://udel.edu/~cmarks/What%20is%20social%20class.htm.
4. Editor, “Women vs. Men—Gender Differences in Purchase Decision Making,” zoovu Blog (July 16, 2019), accessed September 19, 2021, https://zoovu.com/blog/women-vs-men-gender-differences-in-purchase-decision-making/.
5. Kendall (@kendalljenner) • Instagram photos and videos (n.d.), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/kendalljenner/.
6. Leo Messi (@leomessi) • Instagram photos and videos (n.d.), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/leomessi/.
7. Statista Research Department, “US Population by Generation 2019,” Statista (September 19, 2021), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/797321/us-population-by-generation/.
8. “The Online Shopping Habits of Today’s Baby Boomers,” SkuLocal (November 12, 2018), accessed June 13, 2022, https://www.skulocal.com/insights/the-online-shopping-habits-of-todays-baby-boomers/.
9. Statista Research Department, “US Population by Generation 2019,” Statista (September 19, 2021).
10. Consumer Insight: Generation X-fona. (n.d.), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.fona.com/wp content/uploads/2019/03/0319-FONA-Consumer-Insight_Gen-X.pdf.
11. Statista Research Department, “US Population by Generation 2019,” Statista (September 19, 2021), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/797321/us-population-by-generation/.
12. Shannon Ciricillo, “What Are Millennials Buying: The Gen Y Shopping Guide, The Hub (July 7, 2019), accessed August 4, 2021, https://thehhub.com/2019/07/07/what-are-millennials-buying-the-gen-y-shopping-guide/.
13. Ibid.
14. Kendra Cherry, “What Is Personality?” verywellmind, accessed August 4, 2021, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416.
15. Sallie B. Middlebrook, “Personality and Related Characteristics That Affect Consumer Buying Behavior,” ToughNickel (January 8, 2013), accessed March 7, 2022, https://toughnickel.com/industries/Buyer-Characteristics-and-Consumer-Behavior.
16. Sam Carr, “How Many Ads Do We See A Day? 2021 Daily Ad Exposure Revealed!” PPC Project (May 12, 2021), accessed August 4, 2021, https://ppcprotect.com/how-many-ads-do-we-see-a-day/.
17. Mithun Sridharan, “Selective Perception Marketing: How Can Big Data Help?” Think Insights (March 7, 2022), accessed June 13, 2022, https://thinkinsights.net/digital/selective-perception-marketing-big-data/.
18. Lars Perner, “Consumer Behavior: Attitudes,” University of Southern California Marshall (n.d.), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.consumerpsychologist.com/cb_Attitudes.html.
19. “How Grocery Store Lighting Impacts Customer Decisions,” Stratus (May 13, 2021), accessed September 28, 2021, https://www.stratusunlimited.com/news/how-grocery-store-lighting-impacts-customer-decisions/.
20. Humayun Khan, “How Retailers Manipulate Sight, Smell, and Sound to Trigger Purchase Behavior in Consumers,” Shopify Retail Blog (April 25, 2016), accessed June 13, 2022, https://www.shopify.com/retail/119926083-how-retailers-manipulate-sight-smell-and-sound-to-trigger-purchase-behavior-in-consumers.
21. Dana Severson, “Theories of Situational Factors That Influence Customers,” Chron. (November 21, 2017), accessed August 4, 2021, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/theories-situational-factors-influence-customers-78765.html.
22. Statista Research Department, “Share of US Consumers Who Would Stop Purchasing from Cosmetics Companies That Test on Animals as of April 2017,” Statista (April 26, 2017), accessed September 28, 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/753362/cosmetic-animal-testing-attitudes/.
23. Herosmyth Staff, “9 Perfect Brand Examples of Why It Pays to Differentiate,” Herosmyth (February 24, 2020), accessed June 13, 2022, https://www.herosmyth.com/article/9-perfect-brand-examples-why-it-pays-differentiate.
24. Yaqub M., “20+ Fascinating Ethical Consumers Statistics Need to Know in 2022,” Renolon (January 18, 2022), accessed March 7, 2022, https://www.renolon.com/ethical-consumers-statistics/.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Cory Baldwin, “Ethical, Sustainable Brands You Can Really Trust,” Vox (August 22, 2017), accessed August 4, 2021, https://www.vox.com/2017/8/22/16171338/ethical-sustainable-fashion-brands-where-to-buy-sustainable-clothes.
28. Reasons We Love Patagonia. (n.d.). accessed August 4, 2021, from https://www.wearedore.com/photos/reasons-we-love-patagonia/.
Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-marketing/pages/1-unit-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-marketing/pages/1-unit-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Apr 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.