- Born globals
- Companies that operate internationally from the day that they are created.
- Christianity
- Faith based on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus.
- Clusters
- Representing countries that share similar cultural characteristics.
- Cultural intelligence
- Refers to the individuals’ capabilities to function and manage effectively in culturally diverse settings.
- Cultural paradox
- Insights from an understanding of culture may not necessarily coincide with reality in that culture.
- Cultural stereotyping
- Occurs when one assumes that all people within a culture act, think, and behave the same way.
- DHL Global Connected Index
- Index tracking the flow of capital, information, trade, and human resources and representing the degree of globalization.
- E-commerce
- Buying and selling of products using the Internet.
- Education
- Socializing experiences that prepare individuals to act in society.
- Emerging market multinationals
- Influential companies from emerging markets that are competing head-on with established multinationals and rewriting the rules of competition by using new business models.
- Emerging markets
- Those markets in countries that present tremendous potential for multinationals.
- Expatriate
- Foreign employee who moves and works in another country for an extended period of time.
- Exporting
- International entry mode where a company sends a product to an international market and fills the order like a domestic order.
- Foreign direct investment (FDI)
- Involves a company investing in another country through the construction of facilities and buildings in another country.
- Foreign direct investment (FDI)
- Refers to deliberate efforts of a country or company to invest in another country through the form of ownership positions in companies in another country.
- Global strategy
- Where all operations and activities are managed fairly similarly worldwide.
- Globalization
- Worldwide phenomenon whereby the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected and where trade barriers are disappearing.
- GLOBE project
- More recent cultural project involving 170 researchers who collected data on 17,000 managers from 62 countries around the world.
- High-rigor cross-cultural training
- Methods of training where participants are much more actively engaged in the training process and can learn some tacit aspects of cross-cultural differences.
- Hinduism
- Represented by all those who honor the ancient scriptures called the Vedas.
- Hofstede model of national culture
- Project involving survey of over 88,000 employees in IBM subsidiaries from 72 countries.
- Immigration
- Movement of people from their home country to other countries; will continue to grow worldwide.
- Individualism
- Degree to which a society focuses on the relationship of the individual to the group.
- International franchising
- Where a company will license the complete business model.
- International strategic alliances
- Two or more companies from different countries enter into an agreement to conduct joint business activities.
- Islam
- Religion whose essence is described in the Qur’an as the submission to the will of Allah (God).
- Licensing
- Contractual agreement whereby a company is given the right to another company’s trademarks, know-how, and other intangible assets in return for a royalty or a fee.
- Local strategy
- Company’s operations are adapted to fit some specific countries.
- Low-rigor cross-cultural training
- Training where individuals are exposed to critical information to help them understand the realities of a different culture but are not actively engaged in their learning.
- Masculinity
- Degree to which a society emphasizes traditional masculine qualities, such as advancement and earnings.
- Political risk
- Degree to which political decisions can impact a business’s ability to survive in a country.
- Postarrival cross-cultural training
- Training provided after the expatriate has arrived to the intended destination.
- Power distance
- Refers to the degree to which societies accept power differences and authority in society.
- Predeparture cross-cultural training
- Learning opportunities provided prior to departure.
- Regional strategy
- Where the multinational adapts activities and operations to regional requirements.
- Religion
- Shared set of beliefs, activities, and institutions based on faith in supernatural forces.
- Social institution
- Complex of positions, roles, norms, and values lodged in particular types of social structures and organizing relatively stable patterns of human resources with respect to fundamental problems in . . . sustaining viable societal structures within a given environment.
- Social stratification
- Degree to which social benefits are unequally distributed; those patterns are perpetuated for life.
- Tariffs
- Extra charges that are added to the price of international products in the form of additional taxes or higher prices as a way to give domestic companies a price advantage while also protecting these companies from foreign competition.
- Trade agreements
- Popular policy instruments that countries agree on to eliminate cross-border barriers to trade and to promote global integration.
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Refers to the degree to which people in a society are comfortable with uncertainty and unpredictable situations.
- Uppsala model of internationalization
- Model that argues that as firms learn more about a specific market, they become more committed by investing more resources into that market.