- action statements
- The means by which an organization moves forward to attain its goals.
- administrative plans
- Plans that work to integrate institutional-level plans with the operating plans and tie together all of the plans created for the organization’s technical core.
- concurrent controls
- Controls intended to prevent deviation from a planned course of action while work is in progress.
- contingency plans
- Plans that deal with alternative courses of action.
- controlling
- Monitoring the behavior of organizational members and the effectiveness of the organization itself to determine whether organizational goals are being achieved and taking corrective action if necessary.
- cybernetic control
- Self-regulating control procedures.
- Deming cycle
- A planning model directed toward attaining continuous improvement by integrating organizational learning into the planning process (plan, do, check, act).
- domain/directional planning
- The development of a course of action that moves an organization toward one domain or direction (and, therefore, away from other domains or directions).
- goal hierarchy
- The interrelationship among an organization’s job-, department-, divisional-, and organizational-level goals.
- goal planning
- Development of action statements to move toward the attainment of a specific goal.
- hybrid control system
- Control system that exercises control prior to, during, and after the performance of a work activity.
- hybrid planning
- The coupling of domain and goal planning.
- management by objectives (MBO)
- A philosophy of management, a planning and controlling technique, and an employee involvement program.
- noncybernetic control
- Control systems that operate independently from the work system that is being monitored; a monitoring system that is external to the target of control.
- official goals
- The aims of an organization that are expressed in highly abstract and general terms, generally employed for the organization’s external constituents.
- operating plans
- Direction and action statements for activities in the organization’s technical core.
- operational goals
- The aims of an organization that reflect management’s specific intentions.
- outcome or goal statements
- End states—the targets and outcomes that managers hope to attain.
- planning
- The process by which managers establish goals and specify how these goals are to be attained.
- postaction controls
- Controls employed after a product or service is complete.
- precontrols
- Controls designed to prevent deviation from a desired plan of action before work actually begins.
- single-use plans
- Plans developed for unique situations or problems and one-time use.
- standing plans
- Rules, policies, and procedures about how to deal with issues that managers face repeatedly.
- strategic plans
- Hierarchical plans that address an organization’s institutional-level needs and attempt to position it advantageously within its task environment.