Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 31.1.1 Define trauma-informed care (TIC).
- 31.1.2 List the six key elements to TIC.
- 31.1.3 Demonstrate how the nurse can utilize TIC during a crisis.
Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a therapeutic approach that acknowledges trauma’s long-lasting emotional, neurological, psychological, social, and biological effects on a person’s present and future health. For many people, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) ultimately hinder emotional, social, and even physical health, even if they seem unrelated to present problems (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023a). Trauma-informed care is unique as it reimagines the client-therapist relationship as a partnership. The nurse or therapist provides support throughout a client’s journey of healing and growth, using six guiding principles that ensure every interaction is mindful and aware. However, first and foremost, at the core of trauma-informed care is the tenet of primum non nocere, which translates from Latin as “first, do no harm” (Sommers-Flanagan & Sommers-Flanagan, 2021).
Six Key Elements to Trauma-Informed Care
The CDC and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA, 2020) collaborated to develop six principles for TIC that negate the potential for re-traumatizing the client. These core principles are safety, trustworthiness and transparency, peer support, collaboration and mutuality, empowerment and choice, and cultural, historical, and gender issues (Table 31.1).
| Principle | Definition |
|---|---|
| Safety |
|
| Trustworthiness and transparency |
|
| Peer support |
|
| Collaboration and mutuality |
|
| Empowerment and choice |
|
| Cultural, historical, and gender issues |
|
A printable infographic of “6 Guiding Principles to a Trauma-Informed Approach” is available from the CDC and SAMHSA here.
The CDC and SAMHSA note that a trauma-informed approach is not accomplished through a single technique or checklist. A trauma-informed approach requires constant attention, caring awareness, sensitivity, and possibly a cultural change at an organizational level. An internal organizational assessment and quality improvement, as well as engagement with community partners, will help to embed this approach, which can be augmented with organizational development and practice improvement. However, with thoughtful intention by the nurse, it is easy to generalize and apply the six core principles across the various clinical settings where clients may receive treatment.
The Role of Nurses and Trauma-Informed Care in Clinical Practice
A nurse can apply the principles of TIC in daily interactions with all clients. TIC requires a nurse to be mindful, sensitive, and responsive; to be sensitive to the impact of trauma on others and oneself; to understand and use tools to support self and others during times of stress; and to identify and support the system change needed to reduce re-traumatization. In alignment with the principles of safety, respect, and trust, nurses can ask themselves three simple questions as a first step to applying a trauma-informed lens to their practice (Fleishman et al., 2019):
Safety: Does this cultivate a sense of safety?
Respect: Am I, and are others, showing respect?
Trust: Does this build trust?
The nurse can mindfully employ strategies in their daily practice to engender trustworthiness, transparency, empowerment, and the other facets of TIC; for example (Fleishman et al., 2019):
- Introduce yourself and your role in every client interaction: When a client understands who you are and your role in their care, they can feel empowered to be more actively engaged in their own care.
- Use open and nonthreatening body positioning: Using nonthreatening body positioning helps prevent the threat-detection areas of the brain from taking over, which helps clients stay regulated.
- Ask before touching: Asking permission before you touch clients gives them a choice and empowers them to have control over their body and physical space.
- Protect client privacy: Protect client privacy and safety by ensuring that the client desires those present to hear about their care. This ensures compliance with the HIPAA Privacy Rule (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 2022).
- Use plain language and teach-back: Using clear language and teach-back empowers clients with knowledge and understanding about their care.
For a health care system to thoroughly implement and embody TIC, policies, procedures, and culture need to be trauma-informed. Nurses who utilize a trauma-informed approach in clinical practice can enhance job satisfaction, reduce risk for burnout, and improve client experiences and outcomes (Wolotira, 2023).
Trauma-Informed Care
In this video, nurse Cheryl Martin describes trauma-informed care in her community as a responsive approach to providing care for individuals who have experienced trauma.
Watch the video, and then respond to the following questions:
- How would you distinguish positive stress, tolerable stress, and toxic stress?
- What are some examples of how people respond to toxic stress? Why might each individual respond differently to a similar situation?
- How would you describe a “safe environment”? What is the nurse’s role in creating a safe environment for clients?
- Cheryl Martin makes the point that only the client is the “expert” about their own disease. Why is this viewpoint essential for providing TIC?
Case Reflection
Practicing Trauma-Informed Care
Read the scenario, and then respond to the questions that follow.
Nellie, 21, is a survivor of interpersonal violence. After successfully transitioning from an abusive household to a shelter, Nellie lives independently in rent-assisted housing. She is employed as a waitress at a local restaurant. However, she struggles with chronic headaches and neck pain from past abuse by her former boyfriend, who repeatedly beat her and tried to strangle her while he was intoxicated. Since becoming a “survivor,” Nellie frequently visits the local clinic for follow-up appointments related to these past injuries. After enduring this physical and emotional abuse, she has misused substances for both anxiety and pain. Nellie wants her physical and emotional pain to go away and wants the nurse to convince the doctor to write her prescriptions because she has been “cut off” and finds the “talk therapy” that they want her to go to to be too “scary and emotional to deal with.”
- Why is it important for Nellie to feel that she is in a safe space? What can the nurse do to facilitate this?
- How might the nurse use a TIC approach to open a dialogue with Nellie to find out what she really needs?
- What alternate pain-management techniques might the nurse suggest for Nellie?