Key Equations
12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
| ideal gas law | |
| first law of thermodynamics | |
| pressure | |
| pressure–volume work |
12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
| change in entropy |
12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
| thermal efficiency of a heat engine | |
| work output for a cyclical process |