4.6 • Axial and Equatorial Bonds in Cyclohexane
The chair conformation of cyclohexane has many consequences. We’ll see in Section 11.9, for instance, that the chemical behavior of many substituted cyclohexanes is influenced by their conformation. In addition, we’ll see in Section 25.5 that simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, adopt a conformation based on the cyclohexane chair and that their chemistry is directly affected as a result.
Another trait of the chair conformation is that there are two kinds of positions for substituents on the cyclohexane ring: axial positions and equatorial positions (as shown in Figure 4.9). The six axial positions are parallel to the ring axis, while the six equatorial positions are in the rough plane of the ring, around the ring equator.
As shown in Figure 4.9, each carbon atom in chair cyclohexane has one axial and one equatorial hydrogen. Furthermore, each side of the ring has three axial and three equatorial hydrogens in an alternating arrangement. For example, if the top side of the ring has axial hydrogens on carbons 1, 3, and 5, then it has equatorial hydrogens on carbons 2, 4, and 6. The reverse is true for the bottom side: carbons 1, 3, and 5 have equatorial hydrogens, but carbons 2, 4, and 6 have axial hydrogens (Figure 4.10).
Note that we haven’t used the words cis and trans in this discussion of cyclohexane conformation. Two hydrogens on the same side of the ring are always cis, regardless of whether they’re axial or equatorial and regardless of whether they’re adjacent. Similarly, two hydrogens on opposite sides of the ring are always trans.
Axial and equatorial bonds can be drawn following the procedure shown in Figure 4.11. If possible, look at a molecular model as you practice.
Because chair cyclohexane has two kinds of positions—axial and equatorial—we might expect to find two isomeric forms of a monosubstituted cyclohexane. In fact, we don’t. There is only one methylcyclohexane, one bromocyclohexane, one cyclohexanol (hydroxycyclohexane), and so on, because cyclohexane rings are conformationally mobile at room temperature. Different chair conformations readily interconvert, exchanging axial and equatorial positions. This interconversion, called a ring-flip, is shown in Figure 4.12.
As shown in Figure 4.12, a chair cyclohexane can be ring-flipped by keeping the middle four carbon atoms in place while folding the two end carbons in opposite directions. In so doing, an axial substituent in one chair form becomes an equatorial substituent in the ring-flipped chair form and vice versa. For example, axial bromocyclohexane becomes equatorial bromocyclohexane after a ring-flip. Since the energy barrier to chair–chair interconversion is only about 45 kJ/mol (10.8 kcal/mol), the process is rapid at room temperature and we see what appears to be a single structure rather than distinct axial and equatorial isomers.
Worked Example 4.2
Drawing the Chair Conformation of a Substituted Cyclohexane
Draw 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane in a chair conformation, indicating which methyl group in your drawing is axial and which is equatorial.
Strategy
Draw a chair cyclohexane ring using the procedure in Figure 4.11, and then put two methyl groups on the same carbon. The methyl group in the rough plane of the ring is equatorial, and the one directly above or below the ring is axial.Solution
Identify each of the colored positions—red, blue, and green—as axial or equatorial. Then carry out a ring-flip, and show the new positions occupied by each color.