28.5 Translation of RNA: Protein Biosynthesis
28.5 • Translation of RNA: Protein Biosynthesis
The primary cellular function of mRNA is to direct the biosynthesis of the thousands of diverse peptides and proteins required by an organism—as many as 150,000 in a human. The mechanics of protein biosynthesis take place on ribosomes, small granular particles in the cytoplasm of a cell that consist of about 60% ribosomal RNA and 40% protein.
The specific ribonucleotide sequence in mRNA forms a message that determines the order in which amino acid residues are to be joined. Each “word,” or codon, along the mRNA chain consists of a sequence of three ribonucleotides that is specific for a given amino acid. For example, the series UUC on mRNA is a codon directing incorporation of the amino acid phenylalanine into the growing protein. Of the 43 = 64 possible triplets of the four bases in RNA, 61 code for specific amino acids and 3 code for chain termination. Table 28.1 shows the meaning of each codon.
| Third base (3′ end) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First base (5′ end) | Second base | U | C | A | G |
| U | U | Phe | Phe | Leu | Leu |
| C | Ser | Ser | Ser | Ser | |
| A | Tyr | Tyr | Stop | Stop | |
| G | Cys | Cys | Stop | Trp | |
| C | U | Leu | Leu | Leu | Leu |
| C | Pro | Pro | Pro | Pro | |
| A | His | His | Gln | Gln | |
| G | Arg | Arg | Arg | Arg | |
| A | U | Ile | Ile | Ile | Met |
| C | Thr | Thr | Thr | Thr | |
| A | Asn | Asn | Lys | Lys | |
| G | Ser | Ser | Arg | Arg | |
| G | U | Val | Val | Val | Val |
| C | Ala | Ala | Ala | Ala | |
| A | Asp | Asp | Glu | Glu | |
| G | Gly | Gly | Gly | Gly | |
The message embedded in mRNA is read by transfer RNA (tRNA) in a process called translation. There are 61 different tRNAs, one for each of the 61 codons that specify an amino acid. A typical tRNA is single-stranded and has roughly the shape of a cloverleaf, as shown in Figure 28.7. It consists of about 70 to 100 ribonucleotides and is bonded to a specific amino acid by an ester linkage through the 3′ hydroxyl on ribose at the 3′ end of the tRNA. Each tRNA also contains on its middle leaf a segment called an anticodon, a sequence of three ribonucleotides complementary to the codon sequence. For example, the codon sequence UUC present on mRNA is read by a phenylalanine-bearing tRNA having the complementary anticodon base sequence GAA. [Remember that nucleotide sequences are written in the 5′ → 3′ direction, so the sequence in an anticodon must be reversed. That is, the complement to (5′)-UUC-(3′) is (3′)-AAG-(5′), which is written as (5′)-GAA-(3′).]
As each successive codon on mRNA is read, different tRNAs bring the correct amino acids into position for enzyme-mediated transfer to the growing peptide. When synthesis of the proper protein is completed, a “stop” codon signals the end, and the protein is released from the ribosome. This process is illustrated in Figure 28.8.
Worked Example 28.2
Predicting the Amino Acid Sequence Transcribed from DNA
What amino acid sequence is coded by the following segment of a DNA coding strand (sense strand)?
(5′) CTA-ACT-AGC-GGG-TCG-CCG (3′)
Strategy
The mRNA produced during translation is a copy of the DNA coding strand, with each T replaced by U. Thus, the mRNA has the sequence(5′) CUA-ACU-AGC-GGG-UCG-CCG (3′)
Each set of three bases forms a codon, whose meaning can be found in Table 28.1.