Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page
OpenStax Logo
Medical-Surgical Nursing

References

Medical-Surgical NursingReferences

References

Adhikari, N. K., Fowler, R. A., Bhagwanjee, P. S., & Rubenfeld, P. G. (2010). Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Critical Care, 376, 1339–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60446-1

American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2022). Fact sheet: Nursing shortage. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Fact-Sheets/Nursing-Shortage-Factsheet.pdf

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. (n.d.). History of AACN. https://www.aacn.org/About%20AACN/Complete%20History%20AACN

Bergbower, E.A.S, Herbst, C, Cheng, N., Aversano, A., Pasqualini, K, Hartline, C., Hamby-Finkelstein, D., Brewer, C., Benko, S., & Fuscaldo, J. (2020). A novel early mobility bundle improves length of stay and rates of readmission among hospitalized general medicine patients. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect, 10 (5). https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2020.1801373

Berry, C. (2022). Critical care scoring systems. In MERCK Manual. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/approach-to-the-critically-ill-patient/critical-care-scoring-systems

Chapple, L. S., Parry, S. M., & Schaller, S. J. (2022). Attenuating muscle mass loss in critical illness: The role of nutrition and exercise. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 20, 290–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00746-7

Davenport, M. S., Perazella, M., Yee, J., Dillman, J. R., Fine, D., McDonald, R. J., Rodby, R. A., Wang, C. L., & Weinreb, J. C. (2020). Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: Consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology 294, 660–668. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019192094

DiGregorio, A. M., & Alvey, H. (2022). Gastrointestinal bleeding. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537291/

Goyal, A., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Hashmi, M. F., & Bashir, K. (2022). Acute kidney injury. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441896/

Kennerly, S. M., Sharkey, P. D., Horn, S. D., Alderden, J., & Yap, T. L. (2022). Nursing assessment of pressure injury risk with the Braden Scale validated against sensor-based measurement of movement. Healthcare (Basel), 10, 2330. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112330

Khan, T. M., & Siddiqui, A. H. (2023). Intra-aortic balloon pump. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542233/

Krupp, A. E., & Monfe, J. (2015). Pressure ulcers in the ICU patient: An update on prevention and treatment. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 17, 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-015-0468-7

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ecmo/about/pac-20484615

McNichol, L., Mackey, D., Watts, C., & Zuecca, N. (2020). Choosing a support surface for pressure injury prevention and treatment. Nursing, 50, 44–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000651620.87023.d5

Medscape. (n.d). APACHE II. Estimate mortality in the critically ill. https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/12/apache-ii

Michael, S. G., Terefre, B., Asfaw, M. G., & Liyew, B. (2023). Outcomes and associated factors of traumatic brain injury among adult patients in Amhara regional state comprehensive specialized hospitals. MBC Emergency Medicine, 23, 109.

Mirabile, V. S., Shebl, E., Sankari, A., & Burns, B. (2023). Respiratory failure. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526127/

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022). What is cardiogenic shock? https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiogenic-shock

National Institutes of Health. (2023). Kidney disease statistics for the United States. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/kidney-disease?dkrd=/health-information/kidney-disease/race-ethnicity

Padula, W. V., & Black, J. M. (2019). The standardized pressure injury prevention protocol involving nursing compliance with best practice guidelines. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28, 367–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14691

Pinto, V. L., Tadi, P., & Adeyinka, A. (2023). Increased intracranial pressure. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482119/

Sharma, S., Hashmi, M. F., & Valentino, D. J., III. (2024). Sedation vacation in the ICU. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513327/

Siegel, M. D. (2022). Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Prognosis and outcomes in adults. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-prognosis-and-outcomes-in-adults

Smith, G., & Nielson, M. (1999). ABC of intensive care. Criteria for admission. BMJ, 318, 1544–1547. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7197.1544

Society of Critical Care Medicine. (n.d.). Critical care statistics. https://www.sccm.org/Communications/Critical-Care-Statistics

Spader, C. (2018). Two-person skin assessment builds a foundation for pressure injury prevention. American Nurse. https://www.myamericannurse.com/critical-care-skin/

Teach Me Surgery. (2020). Intracranial pressure monitoring. https://teachmesurgery.com/neurosurgery/flow-and-pressure/icp-monitoring/

Udeh, C., Udeh, B., Rahman, N., Canfield, C., Campbell, J., & Hata, J. S. (2018). Telemedicine/virtual ICU: Where are we and where are we going? Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 14, 126–133. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcj-14-2-126

Vincent, J. L. (2013). Critical care – where have we been and where are we going? Critical Care, 17(suppl. 1), S2. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11500

Widiarti, W., Multazam, C. E. C. Z., Octaviana, D. S., Susilo, H., Alsagaff, M. Y., & Wungu, C. D. K. (2024). Appropriateness of fluid therapy in cardiogenic shock management: A systematic review of current evidence. Current Problems in Cardiology 49, 102123. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0146280623005406?via%3Dihub

Wilcox, S. R. (2020). Management of respiratory failure due to COVID-19. BMJ, 369, m1786. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1786

Zhang, W., Liang, X., & Lu, H. (2021). Time trends in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease: A single-center retrospective study in Shanghai. Journal of International Medical Research, 49, 3000605211051167. https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211051167

Ziccardi, M. R., & Khalid, N. (2023). Pulmonary artery catheterization. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482170/

PreviousNext
Order a print copy
Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/medical-surgical-nursing/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/medical-surgical-nursing/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Jul 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.