Skip to ContentGo to accessibility page

References

American Red Cross. (2021). A compendium of transfusion practice guidelines (4th ed.). https://www.redcrossblood.org/content/dam/redcrossblood/hospital-page-documents/334401_compendium_v04jan2021_bookmarkedworking_rwv01.pdf

Anderson, D. R., Morgano, G. P., & Bennett, C. (2021). American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients. Blood Advances, 5, 163–188.

Andiç N. (2022). Practical solutions for problems in blood grouping and crossmatching. Turkish Journal of Haematology 39, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjh.galenos.2021.2021.0544

Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (AABB). (n.d.). Highlights of transfusion medicine history. https://www.aabb.org/news-resources/resources/transfusion-medicine/highlights-of-transfusion-medicine-history

Baird, D. C., Batten, S. H., & Sparks, S. K. (2022). Alpha- and beta- thalassemia: Rapid evidence review. American Family Physician, 105, 272–280. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p272.html

Bajwa, H., & Basit, H. (2023). Thalassemia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545151/

Bates, I., & Owusu-Ofori, S. (2020). Blood transfusion. Manson’s Tropical Diseases. 229–234. htttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-4470-3.50018-5.

Bounds, E. J., & Kok, S. J. (2023). D dimer. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431064/

Brennan-Cook, J. (2020, October). Polycythemia vera: Symptom burden, oncology nurse considerations, and patient education. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 24, 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1188/20.CJON.575-578

Camaschella, C. (2019). Iron deficiency. Blood, 33, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-05-815944

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023, June). Data and statistics on venous thromboembolism. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dvt/data.html

Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). D-dimer test. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22045-d-dimer-test

Cleveland Clinic. Website (n.d.). Blood transfusion. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/14755-blood-transfusion

Demographic and Health Surveys Program (DHS). (n.d.) DHS Guide to Statistics of Anemia. https://dhsprogram.com/data/Guide-to-DHS-Statistics/Anemia_Status.htm

Favaloro, E. J. (2017). Laboratory testing for thrombophilia: Making sense of complex issues. Pathology, 49, 119–127.

Gaskell, H., & Derry, S. (2017). Anemia in pregnancy. Pharmacist’s Letter/Prescriber’s Letter, 33, 330924.

Ginsberg, J. S., Brill-Edwards, P., & Johnston, M. (2019). Venous thromboembolism: Diagnosis and management of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 191, E98–E107.

Haider, M. Z. & Anwar, F. (2023). Secondary polycythemia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562233/

Infusion Nurses Society (INS). (2024). Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice (9th ed.). Journal of Infusion Nursing, 47(Suppl. 1), S1–S285.

ITP Support Association. (n.d.). Vaccinations and ITP. https://itpsupport.org.uk/vaccinations-and-itp/

Kearon, C., Akl, E. A., Ornelas, J., Blaivas, A., Jimenez, D., Bounameaux, H., Huisman, M., King, C. S., Morris, T. A., Sood, N., Stevens, S. M., Vintch, J. R. E., Wells, P., Woller, S. C., & Moores, L. (2016). Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest, 149, 315–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026

Kwiatkowski, J. L. (2023). Clinical challenges with iron chelation in beta thalassemia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 37, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2022.12.013

Lindholm, P. F., & Perrotta, P. (2023). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia testing, version 2.0. College of American Pathologists. https://documents.cap.org/documents/Heparin-Induced_Thrombocytopenia.pdf

Lotterman, S., & Sharma, S. (2023, June 20). Blood transfusion. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499824/

Lu, X. & Chang, R. (2023). Polycythemia vera. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557660/

Mackman, N. (2018). Triggers, targets, and treatments for thrombosis. Nature, 451, 914–918.

Mangla, A., Ehsan, M., Agarwal, N., & Maruvada, S. (2023). Sickle cell anemia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482164/

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2022). Anemia. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360

Meseeha, M., & Attia, M. (2023). Esophageal varices. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448078/

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). (2021). What is anemia? https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/anemia

National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). (2023). Immune thrombocytopenia: Affected populations. https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/immune-thrombocytopenia/#affected

Nicolas, D., Nicolas, S., Hodgens, A., & Reed, M. (2023). Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482330/

Ouellette, D. R. (2020). Pulmonary embolism (PE). Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300901-overview

Pavlikova, B., & van Dijk, J. P. (2022). Jehovah’s Witnesses and their compliance with regulations on smoking and blood treatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 387. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph19010387

Peck, M. A., & Brown, T. M. (2020). Nursing care of patients with thromboembolism. Nursing Clinics of North America, 55, 1–12.

Pillai, A. A., Fazal, S., Mukkamalla, S. K. R., & Babiker, H. M. (2023). Polycythemia. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526081/

Poh, D., Claus, M., Smart, L., & Sharp, C. R. (2021). Transfusion practice in Australia: An internet-based survey. Australian Veterinary Journal, 99, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13049

Silczuk, A., & Habrat, B. (2020). Alcohol-induced thrombocytopenia: Current review. Alcohol, 86, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.02.166

Stevens, S. M., Woller, S. C., & Bauer, K. A. (2018). Guidance for the evaluation and treatment of hereditary and acquired thrombophilia. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 45, 253–265.

Weiss, G., Ganz, T., & Goodnough, L. T. (2019). Anemia of inflammation. Blood, 133, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-06-856500

World Health Organization (WHO). (2024). Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/376196/9789240088542-eng.pdf?sequence=1

Yale Medicine. (n.d.). Neutropenia. https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

Citation/Attribution
Reuse and redistribution of this content in digital or print format:
  • This book may not be used in the training of large language models or otherwise be ingested into large language models or generative AI offerings without OpenStax's prior written permission.
  • This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License, which means that you can reuse and modify the material only for noncommercial purposes, must attribute OpenStax, and must distribute any derivative works under the same license.
  • Any commercial printing of this textbook, including using a local or custom printer, must be approved by OpenStax, and proper citation provided.
  • OpenStax-copyrighted images, activities, assessments, and similar components of this book are subject to the same licensing – CC-BY-NC-SA. They can be used for noncommercial purposes with attribution. Commercial use requires permission.
  • Permission requests: Anyone who intends to incorporate this content (including text, images, and other components) into large language models, use it in AI offerings, use it commercially (including in print), and/or has questions about another use case is welcome to complete our reuse request form.
Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/medical-surgical-nursing/pages/1-introduction

  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a noncommercial digital format, then for every page that includes OpenStax content, you must license the derivative work under the same CC-BY-NC-SA license as the original, and include on every digital page view the following attribution:

    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/medical-surgical-nursing/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

The information below includes the information needed to generate citations in most major styles (APA, MLA, etc.); you must reformat and organize the information as needed to fit the requirements of the style. Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.

© Jul 23, 2026 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo, and Rice University name, and Rice University logo trademarks, or wordmarks are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.