- altruism
- type of prosocial behavior involving acts of kindness even when at a cost
- anxiety
- disorder characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxious feelings, and by related disturbances in behavior
- average child
- child who receives a smaller number of both positive and negative nominations
- bullying
- repetitive pattern of aggression in which a person with more power harms another with less
- classroom climate
- emotional culture of the learning environment
- controversial child
- child who receives a high number of positive and negative nominations
- coping strategy
- technique for overcoming stress
- depression
- mood disorder involving feelings of sadness that are disruptive and can make functioning difficult for individuals
- emotional display rule
- culturally and context-specific defined social rule for outwardly displaying emotion
- empathy
- complex emotional state requiring an understanding of the perspective and emotional states of others as well as caring about others and mirroring their emotions
- externalizing behavior
- behavior that is negative or harmful and external to a person, including aggressive behavior, rule breaking, and other negative behaviors that are more social or interpersonal
- industry versus inferiority
- Erikson’s fourth psychosocial stage of development, describing the way children construct their sense of success and accomplishment in work tasks, such as school
- internalizing behavior
- behavior that is negative or harmful and internal to a person, including feeling withdrawn or lonely, anxious or depressed, and/or having related physical health issues
- peer-neglected child
- child who receives a low number of both positive and negative nominations
- physical aggression
- inflicting of intentional harm on others or property, or the intimidation of or threat of harm to people and property
- popular child
- child who receives a high number of positive nominations, a low number of negative nominations, and is well liked in their classroom
- positive youth development (PYD)
- movement that aims to understand and promote predictors of well-being, thriving, and prosocial development in childhood and beyond
- proactive aggression
- aggression that is intentional and committed to harm others
- reactive aggression
- unplanned aggression that happens in response to either a real or imagined provocation
- rejected child
- child who receives a low number of positive nominations and a high number of negative nominations and might be actively excluded
- relational aggression
- behaviors that are intended to hurt social relationships such as intentional exclusion, spreading of rumors, betrayal of friendships, and manipulative control
- resilience
- ability to successfully adapt and respond to stressful events
- social competence
- skill used to understand and respond to the differing expectations of various contexts and audiences
- sympathy
- awareness of how the other might be feeling, in addition to a motivation to do something for the other person