- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- neurodevelopmental disorder that includes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and deficits in executive functions
- balanced literacy approach
- approach to teaching reading that combines elements of the phonics-based and whole language approaches
- concrete operational thinking
- third stage of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development during which children begin to understand basic cognitive principles and concepts such as cause and effect, relationships, size, and distance
- constructivism
- idea that students play an active role in acquiring knowledge by constructing it through experience, rather than just passively receiving information
- crystallized intelligence
- existing knowledge that individuals have developed during their life through education and experience
- dyscalculia
- learning disability that involves difficulties in math
- dysgraphia
- learning disability that involves difficulties in writing
- dyslexia
- learning disability that involves difficulties in reading
- exceptional learner
- child who has one or more of a variety of special learning needs
- fluid intelligence
- ability to use logic and to solve problems in new ways
- Flynn effect
- effect that describes the significant increases of scores on intelligence tests over time
- general intelligence factor (g)
- general cognitive factor that underlies multiple cognitive skills
- giftedness
- variation in intelligence marked by cognitive flexibility, cognitive performance, specific ability areas, and an IQ above 130, may be referred to by other terms
- individualized education program (IEP)
- written plan that spells out the specific educational goals and services that have been individualized for a student with a disability
- intellectual disability
- disability that consists of limits in intellectual functioning, often indicated by an IQ score less than 70 and challenges in adaptive functioning
- intelligence
- description of an individual’s ability to adapt to the world around them
- intelligence quotient (IQ)
- score used to quantify human intelligence
- learning disability
- condition that impacts learning in a specific academic area
- least-restrictive environment
- principle that states that all children with a disability should receive general education in an environment that is as similar as possible to the one for children without disabilities
- mental age
- age at which a person is performing based on an intelligence test
- metacognition
- knowledge about how we think and learn and how we use that awareness to become better thinkers and learners
- metalinguistic awareness
- awareness of the qualities of language, allowing individuals to think about and evaluate language
- metamemory
- understanding of how memory works
- phonics approach
- approach to teaching language that teaches children to translate letters into sounds and to combine individual sounds to form words
- self-efficacy
- individual’s confidence in their ability to successfully solve a problem or complete a task
- seriation
- ability to put objects in order, such as by size or color
- triarchic theory of intelligence
- theory of intelligence that proposes that there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative and practical
- whole-language approach
- approach to teaching reading that uses natural context such as books rather than focusing on the sounds that make up words