Introductory Statistics

# Solutions

1.

Each population from which a sample is taken is assumed to be normal.

3.

The populations are assumed to have equal standard deviations (or variances).

5.

The response is a numerical value.

7.

Ha: At least two of the group means μ1, μ2, μ3 are not equal.

9.

4,939.2

11.

2

13.

2,469.6

15.

3.7416

17.

3

19.

13.2

21.

0.825

23.

Because a one-way ANOVA test is always right-tailed, a high F statistic corresponds to a low p-value, so it is likely that we will reject the null hypothesis.

25.

The curves approximate the normal distribution.

27.

ten

29.

SS = 237.33; MS = 23.73

31.

0.1614

33.

two

35.

SS = 5,700.4;

MS = 2,850.2

37.

3.6101

39.

Yes, there is enough evidence to show that the scores among the groups are statistically significant at the 10% level.

43.

The populations from which the two samples are drawn are normally distributed.

45.

H0: σ1 = σ2

Ha: σ1 < σ2

or

H0:

Ha: $σ 1 2 < σ 2 2 σ 1 2 < σ 2 2$

47.

4.11

49.

0.7159

51.

No, at the 10% level of significance, we do not reject the null hypothesis and state that the data do not show that the variation in drive times for the first worker is less than the variation in drive times for the second worker.

53.

2.8674

55.

Reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to say that the variance of the grades for the first student is higher than the variance in the grades for the second student.

57.

0.7414

59.

SSbetween = 26
SSwithin = 441
F = 0.2653

62.

df(denom) = 15

64.
1. H0: µL = µT = µJ
2. Ha: at least any two of the means are different
3. df(num) = 2; df(denom) = 12
4. F distribution
5. 0.67
6. 0.5305
7. Check student’s solution.
8. Decision: Do not reject null hypothesis; Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the means are different.
67.
1. Ha: µc = µn = µh
2. At least any two of the magazines have different mean lengths.
3. df(num) = 2, df(denom) = 12
4. F distribtuion
5. F = 15.28
6. p-value = 0.0005
7. Check student’s solution.
1. Alpha: 0.05
2. Decision: Reject the Null Hypothesis.
3. Reason for decision: p-value < alpha
4. Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean lengths of the magazines are different.
69.
1. H0: μo = μh = μf
2. At least two of the means are different.
3. df(n) = 2, df(d) = 13
4. F2,13
5. 0.64
6. 0.5437
7. Check student’s solution.
1. Alpha: 0.05
2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.
3. Reason for decision: p-value > alpha
4. Conclusion: The mean scores of different class delivery are not different.
71.
1. H0: μp = μm = μh
2. At least any two of the means are different.
3. df(n) = 2, df(d) = 12
4. F2,12
5. 3.13
6. 0.0807
7. Check student’s solution.
1. Alpha: 0.05
2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.
3. Reason for decision: p-value > alpha
4. Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean numbers of daily visitors are different.
73.

The data appear normally distributed from the chart and of similar spread. There do not appear to be any serious outliers, so we may proceed with our ANOVA calculations, to see if we have good evidence of a difference between the three groups.

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3;

Ha: μiμj some ij.

Define μ1, μ2, μ3, as the population mean number of eggs laid by the three groups of fruit flies.

F statistic = 8.6657;

p-value = 0.0004

Figure 13.10

Decision: Since the p-value is less than the level of significance of 0.01, we reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion: We have good evidence that the average number of eggs laid during the first 14 days of life for these three strains of fruitflies are different.

Interestingly, if you perform a two sample t-test to compare the RS and NS groups they are significantly different (p = 0.0013). Similarly, SS and NS are significantly different (p = 0.0006). However, the two selected groups, RS and SS are not significantly different (p = 0.5176). Thus we appear to have good evidence that selection either for resistance or for susceptibility involves a reduced rate of egg production (for these specific strains) as compared to flies that were not selected for resistance or susceptibility to DDT. Here, genetic selection has apparently involved a loss of fecundity.

75.
1. df(num) = 4; df(denom) = 4
2. F4, 4
3. 3.00
4. 2(0.1563) = 0.3126. Using the TI-83+/84+ function 2-SampFtest, you get the test statistic as 2.9986 and p-value directly as 0.3127. If you input the lists in a different order, you get a test statistic of 0.3335 but the p-value is the same because this is a two-tailed test.
5. Check student't solution.
6. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis; Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the variances are different.
78.

The answers may vary. Sample answer: Home decorating magazines and news magazines have different variances.

80.
1. H0: = $σ 1 2 σ 1 2$ = $σ 2 2 σ 2 2$
2. Ha: $σ 1 2 σ 1 2$$σ 1 2 σ 1 2$
3. df(n) = 7, df(d) = 6
4. F7,6
5. 0.8117
6. 0.7825
7. Check student’s solution.
1. Alpha: 0.05
2. Decision: Do not reject the null hypothesis.
3. Reason for decision: p-value > alpha
4. Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the variances are different.
82.

Here is a strip chart of the silver content of the coins:

Figure 13.11

While there are differences in spread, it is not unreasonable to use ANOVA techniques. Here is the completed ANOVA table:

Source of Variation Sum of Squares (SS) Degrees of Freedom (df) Mean Square (MS) F
Factor (Between) 37.748 4 – 1 = 3 12.5825 26.272
Error (Within) 11.015 27 – 4 = 23 0.4789
Total 48.763 27 – 1 = 26
Table 13.41

P(F > 26.272) = 0;

Reject the null hypothesis for any alpha. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean silver content among the four coinages are different. From the strip chart, it appears that the first and second coinages had higher silver contents than the third and fourth.

83.

Here is a stripchart of the number of wins for the 14 teams in the AL for the 2012 season.

Figure 13.12

While the spread seems similar, there may be some question about the normality of the data, given the wide gaps in the middle near the 0.500 mark of 82 games (teams play 162 games each season in MLB). However, one-way ANOVA is robust.

Here is the ANOVA table for the data:

Source of Variation Sum of Squares (SS) Degrees of Freedom (df) Mean Square (MS) F
Factor (Between) 344.16 3 – 1 = 2 172.08
Error (Within) 1,219.55 14 – 3 = 11 110.87 1.5521
Total 1,563.71 14 – 1 = 13
Table 13.42

P(F > 1.5521) = 0.2548
Since the p-value is so large, there is not good evidence against the null hypothesis of equal means. We decline to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, for 2012, there is not any have any good evidence of a significant difference in mean number of wins between the divisions of the American League.