Barbara Illowsky; Susan Dean

2.1 Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs

74.

Student grades on a chemistry exam were: 77, 78, 76, 81, 86, 51, 79, 82, 84, 99

Construct a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
Are there any potential outliers? If so, which scores are they? Why do you consider them outliers?

75.

Table 2.62 contains the percentages of adults who were never married in the 50 U.S. states and Washington, DC.

State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)
Alabama	32.2	Kentucky	31.3	North Dakota	27.2
Alaska	24.5	Louisiana	31.0	Ohio	29.2
Arizona	24.3	Maine	26.8	Oklahoma	30.4
Arkansas	30.1	Maryland	27.1	Oregon	26.8
California	24.0	Massachusetts	23.0	Pennsylvania	28.6
Colorado	21.0	Michigan	30.9	Rhode Island	25.5
Connecticut	22.5	Minnesota	24.8	South Carolina	31.5
Delaware	28.0	Mississippi	34.0	South Dakota	27.3
Washington, DC	22.2	Missouri	30.5	Tennessee	30.8
Florida	26.6	Montana	23.0	Texas	31.0
Georgia	29.6	Nebraska	26.9	Utah	22.5
Hawaii	22.7	Nevada	22.4	Vermont	23.2
Idaho	26.5	New Hampshire	25.0	Virginia	26.0
Illinois	28.2	New Jersey	23.8	Washington	25.5
Indiana	29.6	New Mexico	25.1	West Virginia	32.5
Iowa	28.4	New York	23.9	Wisconsin	26.3
Kansas	29.4	North Carolina	27.8	Wyoming	25.1

Table 2.62

Use a random number generator to randomly pick eight states. Construct a bar graph of the rates of those eight states.
Construct a bar graph for all the states beginning with the letter "A."
Construct a bar graph for all the states beginning with the letter "M."

2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

76.

Suppose that three book publishers were interested in the number of fiction paperbacks adult consumers purchase per month. Each publisher conducted a survey. In the survey, adult consumers were asked the number of fiction paperbacks they had purchased the previous month. The results are as follows:

# of books	Freq.	Rel. Freq.
0	10
1	12
2	16
3	12
4	8
5	6
6	2
8	2

Table 2.63 Publisher A

# of books	Freq.	Rel. Freq.
0	18
1	24
2	24
3	22
4	15
5	10
7	5
9	1

Table 2.64 Publisher B

# of books	Freq.	Rel. Freq.
0–1	20
2–3	35
4–5	12
6–7	2
8–9	1

Table 2.65 Publisher C

Find the relative frequencies for each survey. Write them in the charts.
Using either a graphing calculator, computer, or by hand, use the frequency column to construct a histogram for each publisher's survey. For Publishers A and B, make bar widths of one. For Publisher C, make bar widths of two.
In complete sentences, give two reasons why the graphs for Publishers A and B are not identical.
Would you have expected the graph for Publisher C to look like the other two graphs? Why or why not?
Make new histograms for Publisher A and Publisher B. This time, make bar widths of two.
Now, compare the graph for Publisher C to the new graphs for Publishers A and B. Are the graphs more similar or more different? Explain your answer.

77.

Often, cruise ships conduct all on-board transactions, with the exception of gambling, on a cashless basis. At the end of the cruise, guests pay one bill that covers all onboard transactions. Suppose that 60 single travelers and 70 couples were surveyed as to their on-board bills for a seven-day cruise from Los Angeles to the Mexican Riviera. Following is a summary of the bills for each group.

Amount($)	Frequency	Rel. Frequency
51–100	5
101–150	10
151–200	15
201–250	15
251–300	10
301–350	5

Table 2.66 Singles

Amount($)	Frequency	Rel. Frequency
100–150	5
201–250	5
251–300	5
301–350	5
351–400	10
401–450	10
451–500	10
501–550	10
551–600	5
601–650	5

Table 2.67 Couples

Fill in the relative frequency for each group.
Construct a histogram for the singles group. Scale the x-axis by $50 widths. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
Construct a histogram for the couples group. Scale the x-axis by $50 widths. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
Compare the two graphs:
1. List two similarities between the graphs.
2. List two differences between the graphs.
3. Overall, are the graphs more similar or different?
Construct a new graph for the couples by hand. Since each couple is paying for two individuals, instead of scaling the x-axis by $50, scale it by $100. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
Compare the graph for the singles with the new graph for the couples:
1. List two similarities between the graphs.
2. Overall, are the graphs more similar or different?
How did scaling the couples graph differently change the way you compared it to the singles graph?
Based on the graphs, do you think that individuals spend the same amount, more or less, as singles as they do person by person as a couple? Explain why in one or two complete sentences.

78.

Twenty-five randomly selected students were asked the number of movies they watched the previous week. The results are as follows.

# of movies	Frequency	Relative Frequency	Cumulative Relative Frequency
0	5
1	9
2	6
3	4
4	1

Table 2.68

Construct a histogram of the data.
Complete the columns of the chart.

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: Suppose 111 people who shopped in a special T-shirt store were asked the number of T-shirts they own costing more than $19 each.

A histogram showing the results of a survey. Of 111 respondents, 5 own 1 t-shirt costing more than $19, 17 own 2, 23 own 3, 39 own 4, 25 own 5, 2 own 6, and no respondents own 7.

Figure 2.41

79.

The percentage of people who own at most three T-shirts costing more than $19 each is approximately:

21
59
41
Cannot be determined

80.

If the data were collected by asking the first 111 people who entered the store, then the type of sampling is:

cluster
simple random
stratified
convenience

81.

Following are the rates of unmarried adults for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, DC.

State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)
Alabama	32.2	Kentucky	31.3	North Dakota	27.2
Alaska	24.5	Louisiana	31.0	Ohio	29.2
Arizona	24.3	Maine	26.8	Oklahoma	30.4
Arkansas	30.1	Maryland	27.1	Oregon	26.8
California	24.0	Massachusetts	23.0	Pennsylvania	28.6
Colorado	21.0	Michigan	30.9	Rhode Island	25.5
Connecticut	22.5	Minnesota	24.8	South Carolina	31.5
Delaware	28.0	Mississippi	34.0	South Dakota	27.3
Washington, DC	22.2	Missouri	30.5	Tennessee	30.8
Florida	26.6	Montana	23.0	Texas	31.0
Georgia	29.6	Nebraska	26.9	Utah	22.5
Hawaii	22.7	Nevada	22.4	Vermont	23.2
Idaho	26.5	New Hampshire	25.0	Virginia	26.0
Illinois	28.2	New Jersey	23.8	Washington	25.5
Indiana	29.6	New Mexico	25.1	West Virginia	32.5
Iowa	28.4	New York	23.9	Wisconsin	26.3
Kansas	29.4	North Carolina	27.8	Wyoming	25.1

Table 2.69

Construct a bar graph of the unmarried adult rates of your state and the four states closest to your state. Hint: Label the x-axis with the states.

2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

82.

The median age for Black people in the U.S. is 30.9 years; for U.S. White people it is 42.3 years.

Based upon this information, give two reasons why the median age for Black people could be lower than the median age for White people.
Does the lower median age for Black people necessarily mean that Black people die younger than White people? Why or why not?
How might it be possible for Black people and White people to die at approximately the same age, but for the median age for White people to be higher?

83.

Six hundred adult Americans were asked by telephone poll, "What do you think constitutes a middle-class income?" The results are in Table 2.70. Also, include left endpoint, but not the right endpoint.

Salary ($)	Relative Frequency
< 20,000	0.02
20,000–25,000	0.09
25,000–30,000	0.19
30,000–40,000	0.26
40,000–50,000	0.18
50,000–75,000	0.17
75,000–99,999	0.02
100,000+	0.01

Table 2.70

What percentage of the survey answered "not sure"?
What percentage think that middle-class is from $25,000 to $50,000?
Construct a histogram of the data.
1. Should all bars have the same width, based on the data? Why or why not?
2. How should the <20,000 and the 100,000+ intervals be handled? Why?
Find the 40^th and 80^th percentiles
Construct a bar graph of the data

84.

Given the following box plot:

This is a horizontal boxplot graphed over a number line from 0 to 13. The first whisker extends from the smallest value, 0, to the first quartile, 2. The box begins at the first quartile and extends to third quartile, 12. A vertical, dashed line is drawn at median, 10. The second whisker extends from the third quartile to largest value, 13.

Figure 2.42

which quarter has the smallest spread of data? What is that spread?
which quarter has the largest spread of data? What is that spread?
find the interquartile range (IQR).
are there more data in the interval 5–10 or in the interval 10–13? How do you know this?
which interval has the fewest data in it? How do you know this?
1. 0–2
2. 2–4
3. 10–12
4. 12–13
5. need more information

85.

The following box plot shows the U.S. population for a certain year.

A box plot with values from 0 to 105, with Q1 at 17, M at 33, and Q3 at 50.

Figure 2.43

Are there fewer or more children (age 17 and under) than senior citizens (age 65 and over)? How do you know?
12.6% are age 65 and over. Approximately what percentage of the population are working age adults (above age 17 to age 65)?

2.4 Box Plots

86.

In a survey of 20-year-olds in China, Germany, and the United States, people were asked the number of foreign countries they had visited in their lifetime. The following box plots display the results.

This shows three boxplots graphed over a number line from 0 to 11. The boxplots match the supplied data, and compare the countries' results. The China boxplot has a single whisker from 0 to 5. The Germany box plot's median is equal to the third quartile, so there is a dashed line at right edge of box. The America boxplot does not have a left whisker.

Figure 2.44

In complete sentences, describe what the shape of each box plot implies about the distribution of the data collected.
Have more U.S. citizens or more Germans surveyed been to over eight foreign countries?
Compare the three box plots. What do they imply about the foreign travel of 20-year-old residents of the three countries when compared to each other?

87.

Given the following box plot, answer the questions.

This is a boxplot graphed over a number line from 0 to 150. There is no first, or left, whisker. The box starts at the first quartile, 0, and ends at the third quartile, 80. A vertical, dashed line marks the median, 20. The second whisker extends the third quartile to the largest value, 150.

Figure 2.45

Think of an example (in words) where the data might fit into the above box plot. In 2–5 sentences, write down the example.
What does it mean to have the first and second quartiles so close together, while the second to third quartiles are far apart?

88.

Given the following box plots, answer the questions.

This shows two boxplots graphed over number lines from 0 to 7. The first whisker in the data 1 boxplot extends from 0 to 2. The box begins at the firs quartile, 2, and ends at the third quartile, 5. A vertical, dashed line marks the median at 4. The second whisker extends from the third quartile to the largest value, 7. The first whisker in the data 2 box plot extends from 0 to 1.3. The box begins at the first quartile, 1.3, and ends at the third quartile, 2.5. A vertical, dashed line marks the medial at 2. The second whisker extends from the third quartile to the largest value, 7.

Figure 2.46

In complete sentences, explain why each statement is false.
1. Data 1 has more data values above two than Data 2 has above two.
2. The data sets cannot have the same mode.
3. For Data 1, there are more data values below four than there are above four.
For which group, Data 1 or Data 2, is the value of “7” more likely to be an outlier? Explain why in complete sentences.

89.

A survey was conducted of 130 purchasers of new BMW 3 series cars, 130 purchasers of new BMW 5 series cars, and 130 purchasers of new BMW 7 series cars. In it, people were asked the age they were when they purchased their car. The following box plots display the results.

This shows three boxplots graphed over a number line from 25 to 80. The first whisker on the BMW 3 plot extends from 25 to 30. The box begins at the firs quartile, 30 and ends at the thir quartile, 41. A verical, dashed line marks the median at 34. The second whisker extends from the third quartile to 66. The first whisker on the BMW 5 plot extends from 31 to 40. The box begins at the firs quartile, 40, and ends at the third quartile, 55. A vertical, dashed line marks the median at 41. The second whisker extends from 55 to 64. The first whisker on the BMW 7 plot extends from 35 to 41. The box begins at the first quartile, 41, and ends at the third quartile, 59. A vertical, dashed line marks the median at 46. The second whisker extends from 59 to 68.

Figure 2.47

In complete sentences, describe what the shape of each box plot implies about the distribution of the data collected for that car series.
Which group is most likely to have an outlier? Explain how you determined that.
Compare the three box plots. What do they imply about the age of purchasing a BMW from the series when compared to each other?
Look at the BMW 5 series. Which quarter has the smallest spread of data? What is the spread?
Look at the BMW 5 series. Which quarter has the largest spread of data? What is the spread?
Look at the BMW 5 series. Estimate the interquartile range (IQR).
Look at the BMW 5 series. Are there more data in the interval 31 to 38 or in the interval 45 to 55? How do you know this?
Look at the BMW 5 series. Which interval has the fewest data in it? How do you know this?
1. 31–35
2. 38–41
3. 41–64

90.

Twenty-five randomly selected students were asked the number of movies they watched the previous week. The results are as follows:

# of movies	Frequency
0	5
1	9
2	6
3	4
4	1

Table 2.71

Construct a box plot of the data.

2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data

91.

The countries with the highest rates of obesity in the world have obesity rates that range from 11.4% to 74.6%. This data is summarized in the following table.

Percent of Population	Number of Countries
11.4–20.45	29
20.45–29.45	13
29.45–38.45	4
38.45–47.45	0
47.45–56.45	2
56.45–65.45	1
65.45–74.45	0
74.45–83.45	1

Table 2.72

What is the best estimate of the average obesity percentage for these countries?
The United States has an average obesity rate of 33.9%. Is this rate above average or below?
How does the United States compare to other countries?

92.

Table 2.73 gives the percent of children under five considered to be underweight. What is the best estimate for the mean percentage of underweight children?

Percent of Underweight Children	Number of Countries
16–21.45	23
21.45–26.9	4
26.9–32.35	9
32.35–37.8	7
37.8–43.25	6
43.25–48.7	1

Table 2.73

2.6 Skewness and the Mean, Median, and Mode

93.

The median age of the U.S. population in 1980 was 30.0 years. In 1991, the median age was 33.1 years.

What does it mean for the median age to rise?
Give two reasons why the median age could rise.
For the median age to rise, is the actual number of children less in 1991 than it was in 1980? Why or why not?

2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data

Use the following information to answer the next nine exercises: The population parameters below describe the full-time equivalent number of students (FTES) each year at a local community college over a 29-year period.

μ = 1000 FTES
median = 1,014 FTES
σ = 474 FTES
first quartile = 528.5 FTES
third quartile = 1,447.5 FTES
n = 29 years

94.

A sample of 11 years is taken. About how many are expected to have a FTES of 1014 or above? Explain how you determined your answer.

95.

75% of all years have an FTES:

at or below: _____
at or above: _____

96.

The population standard deviation = _____

97.

What percent of the FTES were from 528.5 to 1447.5? How do you know?

98.

What is the IQR? What does the IQR represent?

99.

How many standard deviations away from the mean is the median?

Additional Information: The population FTES for a specific six-year period was given in an updated report. The data are reported here.

Year	1	2	3	4	5	6
Total FTES	1,585	1,690	1,735	1,935	2,021	1,890

Table 2.74

100.

Calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, the first quartile, the third quartile and the IQR. Round to one decimal place.

101.

What additional information is needed to construct a box plot for the FTES for Years 1 to 6 and a box plot for the 29-year period shown earlier?

102.

Compare the IQR for the previous 29-year period with the IQR for the six-year period shown in Table 2.74. Why do you suppose the IQRs are so different?

103.

Three students were applying to the same graduate school. They came from schools with different grading systems. Which student had the best GPA when compared to other students at his school? Explain how you determined your answer.

Student	GPA	School Average GPA	School Standard Deviation
Thuy	2.7	3.2	0.8
Vichet	87	75	20
Kamala	8.6	8	0.4

Table 2.75

104.

A music school has budgeted to purchase three musical instruments. They plan to purchase a piano costing $3,000, a guitar costing $550, and a drum set costing $600. The mean cost for a piano is $4,000 with a standard deviation of $2,500. The mean cost for a guitar is $500 with a standard deviation of $200. The mean cost for drums is $700 with a standard deviation of $100. Which cost is the lowest, when compared to other instruments of the same type? Which cost is the highest when compared to other instruments of the same type. Justify your answer.

105.

An elementary school class ran one mile with a mean of 11 minutes and a standard deviation of three minutes. Rachel, a student in the class, ran one mile in eight minutes. A junior high school class ran one mile with a mean of nine minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes. Kenji, a student in the class, ran 1 mile in 8.5 minutes. A high school class ran one mile with a mean of seven minutes and a standard deviation of four minutes. Nedda, a student in the class, ran one mile in eight minutes.

Why is Kenji considered a better runner than Nedda, even though Nedda ran faster than he?
Who is the fastest runner with respect to their class? Explain why.

106.

A selection of countries has poverty rates that range from 11.4% to 74.6%. This data is summarized in Table 2.76.

Percent of Population	Number of Countries
11.4–20.45	29
20.45–29.45	13
29.45–38.45	4
38.45–47.45	0
47.45–56.45	2
56.45–65.45	1
65.45–74.45	0
74.45–83.45	1

Table 2.76

What is the best estimate of the average poverty percentage for these countries? What is the standard deviation for the listed poverty rates? The United States has an average poverty rate of 33.9%. Is this rate above average or below? How “unusual” is the United States’ rate compared to the average rate? Explain.

107.

Table 2.77 gives the percent of children under five considered to be underweight.

Percent of Underweight Children	Number of Countries
16–21.45	23
21.45–26.9	4
26.9–32.35	9
32.35–37.8	7
37.8–43.25	6
43.25–48.7	1

Table 2.77

What is the best estimate for the mean percentage of underweight children? What is the standard deviation? Which interval(s) could be considered unusual? Explain.

Homework