Alexander Holmes; Barbara Illowsky; Susan Dean

2.1 Display Data

84.

Table 2.66 contains the percentages of adults who were never married in the 50 U.S. states and Washington, DC.

State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)
Alabama	32.2	Kentucky	31.3	North Dakota	27.2
Alaska	24.5	Louisiana	31.0	Ohio	29.2
Arizona	24.3	Maine	26.8	Oklahoma	30.4
Arkansas	30.1	Maryland	27.1	Oregon	26.8
California	24.0	Massachusetts	23.0	Pennsylvania	28.6
Colorado	21.0	Michigan	30.9	Rhode Island	25.5
Connecticut	22.5	Minnesota	24.8	South Carolina	31.5
Delaware	28.0	Mississippi	34.0	South Dakota	27.3
Washington, DC	22.2	Missouri	30.5	Tennessee	30.8
Florida	26.6	Montana	23.0	Texas	31.0
Georgia	29.6	Nebraska	26.9	Utah	22.5
Hawaii	22.7	Nevada	22.4	Vermont	23.2
Idaho	26.5	New Hampshire	25.0	Virginia	26.0
Illinois	28.2	New Jersey	23.8	Washington	25.5
Indiana	29.6	New Mexico	25.1	West Virginia	32.5
Iowa	28.4	New York	23.9	Wisconsin	26.3
Kansas	29.4	North Carolina	27.8	Wyoming	25.1

Table 2.66

Use a random number generator to randomly pick eight states. Construct a bar graph of the rates of those eight states.
Construct a bar graph for all the states beginning with the letter "A."
Construct a bar graph for all the states beginning with the letter "M."

85.

Suppose that three book publishers were interested in the number of fiction paperbacks adult consumers purchase per month. Each publisher conducted a survey. In the survey, adult consumers were asked the number of fiction paperbacks they had purchased the previous month. The results are as follows:

# of books	Freq.	Rel. freq.
0	10
1	12
2	16
3	12
4	8
5	6
6	2
8	2

Table 2.67 Publisher A

# of books	Freq.	Rel. freq.
0	18
1	24
2	24
3	22
4	15
5	10
7	5
9	1

Table 2.68 Publisher B

# of books	Freq.	Rel. freq.
0–1	20
2–3	35
4–5	12
6–7	2
8–9	1

Table 2.69 Publisher C

Find the relative frequencies for each survey. Write them in the charts.
Use the frequency column to construct a histogram for each publisher's survey. For Publishers A and B, make bar widths of one. For Publisher C, make bar widths of two.
In complete sentences, give two reasons why the graphs for Publishers A and B are not identical.
Would you have expected the graph for Publisher C to look like the other two graphs? Why or why not?
Make new histograms for Publisher A and Publisher B. This time, make bar widths of two.
Now, compare the graph for Publisher C to the new graphs for Publishers A and B. Are the graphs more similar or more different? Explain your answer.

86.

Often, cruise ships conduct all on-board transactions, with the exception of gambling, on a cashless basis. At the end of the cruise, guests pay one bill that covers all onboard transactions. Suppose that 60 single travelers and 70 couples were surveyed as to their on-board bills for a seven-day cruise from Los Angeles to the Mexican Riviera. Following is a summary of the bills for each group.

Amount($)	Frequency	Rel. frequency
51–100	5
101–150	10
151–200	15
201–250	15
251–300	10
301–350	5

Table 2.70 Singles

Amount($)	Frequency	Rel. frequency
100–150	5
201–250	5
251–300	5
301–350	5
351–400	10
401–450	10
451–500	10
501–550	10
551–600	5
601–650	5

Table 2.71 Couples

Fill in the relative frequency for each group.
Construct a histogram for the singles group. Scale the x-axis by $50 widths. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
Construct a histogram for the couples group. Scale the x-axis by $50 widths. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
Compare the two graphs:
1. List two similarities between the graphs.
2. List two differences between the graphs.
3. Overall, are the graphs more similar or different?
Construct a new graph for the couples by hand. Since each couple is paying for two individuals, instead of scaling the x-axis by $50, scale it by $100. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
Compare the graph for the singles with the new graph for the couples:
1. List two similarities between the graphs.
2. Overall, are the graphs more similar or different?
How did scaling the couples graph differently change the way you compared it to the singles graph?
Based on the graphs, do you think that individuals spend the same amount, more or less, as singles as they do person by person as a couple? Explain why in one or two complete sentences.

87.

Twenty-five randomly selected students were asked the number of movies they watched the previous week. The results are as follows.

# of movies	Frequency	Relative frequency	Cumulative relative frequency
0	5
1	9
2	6
3	4
4	1

Table 2.72

Construct a histogram of the data.
Complete the columns of the chart.

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: Suppose 111 people who shopped in a special T-shirt store were asked the number of T-shirts they own costing more than $19 each.

A histogram showing the results of a survey. Of 111 respondents, 5 own 1 t-shirt costing more than $19, 17 own 2, 23 own 3, 39 own 4, 25 own 5, 2 own 6, and no respondents own 7.

Figure 2.24

88.

The percentage of people who own at most three T-shirts costing more than $19 each is approximately:

21
59
41
Cannot be determined

89.

If the data were collected by asking the first 111 people who entered the store, then the type of sampling is:

cluster
simple random
stratified
convenience

90.

Following are the rates of unmarried adults for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, DC.

State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)	State	Percent (%)
Alabama	32.2	Kentucky	31.3	North Dakota	27.2
Alaska	24.5	Louisiana	31.0	Ohio	29.2
Arizona	24.3	Maine	26.8	Oklahoma	30.4
Arkansas	30.1	Maryland	27.1	Oregon	26.8
California	24.0	Massachusetts	23.0	Pennsylvania	28.6
Colorado	21.0	Michigan	30.9	Rhode Island	25.5
Connecticut	22.5	Minnesota	24.8	South Carolina	31.5
Delaware	28.0	Mississippi	34.0	South Dakota	27.3
Washington, DC	22.2	Missouri	30.5	Tennessee	30.8
Florida	26.6	Montana	23.0	Texas	31.0
Georgia	29.6	Nebraska	26.9	Utah	22.5
Hawaii	22.7	Nevada	22.4	Vermont	23.2
Idaho	26.5	New Hampshire	25.0	Virginia	26.0
Illinois	28.2	New Jersey	23.8	Washington	25.5
Indiana	29.6	New Mexico	25.1	West Virginia	32.5
Iowa	28.4	New York	23.9	Wisconsin	26.3
Kansas	29.4	North Carolina	27.8	Wyoming	25.1

Table 2.73

Construct a bar graph of the unmarried adult rates of your state and the four states closest to your state. Hint: Label the x-axis with the states.

2.2 Measures of the Location of the Data

91.

The median age for Black people in the United States currently is 30.9 years; for White people in the United States it is 42.3 years.

Based upon this information, give two reasons why the median age for Black people could be lower than the median age for White people.
Does the lower median age for Black people necessarily mean that Black people die younger than White people? Why or why not?
How might it be possible for Black people and White people to die at approximately the same age, but for the median age for White people to be higher?

92.

Six hundred adult Americans were asked by telephone poll, "What do you think constitutes a middle-class income?" The results are in Table 2.74. Also, include left endpoint, but not the right endpoint.

Salary ($)	Relative frequency
< 20,000	0.02
20,000–25,000	0.09
25,000–30,000	0.19
30,000–40,000	0.26
40,000–50,000	0.18
50,000–75,000	0.17
75,000–99,999	0.02
100,000+	0.01

Table 2.74

What percentage of the survey answered "not sure"?
What percentage think that middle-class is from $25,000 to $50,000?
Construct a histogram of the data.
1. Should all bars have the same width, based on the data? Why or why not?
2. How should the <20,000 and the 100,000+ intervals be handled? Why?
Find the 40^th and 80^th percentiles
Construct a bar graph of the data

2.3 Measures of the Center of the Data

93.

The countries with the highest rates of obesity in the world have obesity rates that range from 11.4% to 74.6%. This data is summarized in the following table.

Percent of population	Number of countries
11.4–20.45	29
20.45–29.45	13
29.45–38.45	4
38.45–47.45	0
47.45–56.45	2
56.45–65.45	1
65.45–74.45	0
74.45–83.45	1

Table 2.75

What is the best estimate of the average obesity percentage for these countries?
The United States has an average obesity rate of 33.9%. Is this rate above average or below?
How does the United States compare to other countries?

94.

Table 2.76 gives the percent of children under five considered to be underweight. What is the best estimate for the mean percentage of underweight children?

Percent of underweight children	Number of countries
16–21.45	23
21.45–26.9	4
26.9–32.35	9
32.35–37.8	7
37.8–43.25	6
43.25–48.7	1

Table 2.76

2.4 Sigma Notation and Calculating the Arithmetic Mean

95.

A sample of 10 prices is chosen from a population of 100 similar items. The values obtained from the sample, and the values for the population, are given in Table 2.77 and Table 2.78 respectively.

Is the mean of the sample within $1 of the population mean?
What is the difference in the sample and population means?

Prices of the sample
$21
$23
$21
$24
$22
$22
$25
$21
$20
$24

Table 2.77

Prices of the population	Frequency
$20	20
$21	35
$22	15
$23	10
$24	18
$25	2

Table 2.78

96.

A standardized test is given to ten people at the beginning of the school year with the results given in Table 2.79 below. At the end of the year the same people were again tested.

What is the average improvement?
Does it matter if the means are subtracted, or if the individual values are subtracted?

Student	Beginning score	Ending score
1	1100	1120
2	980	1030
3	1200	1208
4	998	1000
5	893	948
6	1015	1030
7	1217	1224
8	1232	1245
9	967	988
10	988	997

Table 2.79

97.

A small class of 7 students has a mean grade of 82 on a test. If six of the grades are 80, 82,86, 90, 90, and 95, what is the other grade?

98.

A class of 20 students has a mean grade of 80 on a test. Nineteen of the students has a mean grade between 79 and 82, inclusive.

What is the lowest possible grade of the other student?
What is the highest possible grade of the other student?

99.

If the mean of 20 prices is $10.39, and 5 of the items with a mean of $10.99 are sampled, what is the mean of the other 15 prices?

2.5 Geometric Mean

100.

An investment grows from $10,000 to $22,000 in five years. What is the average rate of return?

101.

An initial investment of $20,000 grows at a rate of 9% for five years. What is its final value?

102.

A culture contains 1,300 bacteria. The bacteria grow to 2,000 in 10 hours. What is the rate at which the bacteria grow per hour to the nearest tenth of a percent?

103.

An investment of $3,000 grows at a rate of 5% for one year, then at a rate of 8% for three years. What is the average rate of return to the nearest hundredth of a percent?

104.

An investment of $10,000 goes down to $9,500 in four years. What is the average return per year to the nearest hundredth of a percent?

2.6 Skewness and the Mean, Median, and Mode

105.

The median age of the U.S. population in 1980 was 30.0 years. In 1991, the median age was 33.1 years.

What does it mean for the median age to rise?
Give two reasons why the median age could rise.
For the median age to rise, is the actual number of children less in 1991 than it was in 1980? Why or why not?

2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data

Use the following information to answer the next nine exercises: The population parameters below describe the full-time equivalent number of students (FTES) each year at Lake Tahoe Community College over a 29-year period.

μ = 1000 FTES
median = 1,014 FTES
σ = 474 FTES
first quartile = 528.5 FTES
third quartile = 1,447.5 FTES
n = 29 years

106.

A sample of 11 years is taken. About how many are expected to have a FTES of 1014 or above? Explain how you determined your answer.

107.

75% of all years have an FTES:

at or below: _____
at or above: _____

108.

The population standard deviation = _____

109.

What percent of the FTES were from 528.5 to 1447.5? How do you know?

110.

What is the IQR? What does the IQR represent?

111.

How many standard deviations away from the mean is the median?

Additional Information: The population for a specific six-year period was given in an updated report. The data are reported here.

Year	1	2	3	4	5	6
Total FTES	1,585	1,690	1,735	1,935	2,021	1,890

Table 2.80

112.

Calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, the first quartile, the third quartile and the IQR. Round to one decimal place.

113.

Compare the IQR for the FTES for the previous 29-year period with the IQR for the six-year period shown in Table 2.80. Why do you suppose the IQRs are so different?

114.

Three students were applying to the same graduate school. They came from schools with different grading systems. Which student had the best GPA when compared to other students at his school? Explain how you determined your answer.

Student	GPA	School Average GPA	School Standard Deviation
Thuy	2.7	3.2	0.8
Vichet	87	75	20
Kamala	8.6	8	0.4

Table 2.81

115.

A music school has budgeted to purchase three musical instruments. They plan to purchase a piano costing $3,000, a guitar costing $550, and a drum set costing $600. The mean cost for a piano is $4,000 with a standard deviation of $2,500. The mean cost for a guitar is $500 with a standard deviation of $200. The mean cost for drums is $700 with a standard deviation of $100. Which cost is the lowest, when compared to other instruments of the same type? Which cost is the highest when compared to other instruments of the same type. Justify your answer.

116.

An elementary school class ran one mile with a mean of 11 minutes and a standard deviation of three minutes. Rachel, a student in the class, ran one mile in eight minutes. A junior high school class ran one mile with a mean of nine minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes. Kenji, a student in the class, ran 1 mile in 8.5 minutes. A high school class ran one mile with a mean of seven minutes and a standard deviation of four minutes. Nedda, a student in the class, ran one mile in eight minutes.

Why is Kenji considered a better runner than Nedda, even though Nedda ran faster than he?
Who is the fastest runner with respect to their class? Explain why.

117.

A selection of countries has poverty rates that range from 11.4% to 74.6%. This data is summarized in Table 14.

Percent of population	Number of countries
11.4–20.45	29
20.45–29.45	13
29.45–38.45	4
38.45–47.45	0
47.45–56.45	2
56.45–65.45	1
65.45–74.45	0
74.45–83.45	1

Table 2.82

What is the best estimate of the average poverty percentage for these countries? What is the standard deviation for the listed poverty rates? The United States has an average poverty rate of 33.9%. Is this rate above average or below? How “unusual” is the United States’ poverty rate compared to the average rate? Explain.

118.

Table 2.83 gives the percent of children under five considered to be underweight.

Percent of underweight children	Number of countries
16–21.45	23
21.45–26.9	4
26.9–32.35	9
32.35–37.8	7
37.8–43.25	6
43.25–48.7	1

Table 2.83

What is the best estimate for the mean percentage of underweight children? What is the standard deviation? Which interval(s) could be considered unusual? Explain.

Homework