- beliefs
- tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
- countercultures
- groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns
- cultural imperialism
- the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture
- cultural relativism
- the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture
- cultural universals
- patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies
- culture
- shared beliefs, values, and practices
- culture lag
- the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it
- culture shock
- an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life
- diffusion
- the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another
- discoveries
- things and ideas found from what already exists
- ethnocentrism
- the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture
- folkways
- direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture
- formal norms
- established, written rules
- globalization
- the integration of international trade and finance markets
- high culture
- the cultural patterns of a society’s elite
- ideal culture
- the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to
- informal norms
- casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to
- innovations
- new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time
- inventions
- a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms
- language
- a symbolic system of communication
- material culture
- the objects or belongings of a group of people
- mores
- the moral views and principles of a group
- nonmaterial culture
- the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
- norms
- the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured
- popular culture
- mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population
- real culture
- the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
- sanctions
- a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
- Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- the way that people understand the world based on their form of language
- social control
- a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms
- society
- people who live in a definable community and who share a culture
- subcultures
- groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society
- symbols
- gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture
- values
- a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society
- xenocentrism
- a belief that another culture is superior to one’s own