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Introduction to Political Science

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Introduction to Political ScienceReview Questions
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Introduction to Political Science
    1. 1 What Is Politics and What Is Political Science?
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 Defining Politics: Who Gets What, When, Where, How, and Why?
      3. 1.2 Public Policy, Public Interest, and Power
      4. 1.3 Political Science: The Systematic Study of Politics
      5. 1.4 Normative Political Science
      6. 1.5 Empirical Political Science
      7. 1.6 Individuals, Groups, Institutions, and International Relations
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
  3. Individuals
    1. 2 Political Behavior Is Human Behavior
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 What Goals Should We Seek in Politics?
      3. 2.2 Why Do Humans Make the Political Choices That They Do?
      4. 2.3 Human Behavior Is Partially Predictable
      5. 2.4 The Importance of Context for Political Decisions
      6. Summary
      7. Key Terms
      8. Review Questions
      9. Suggested Readings
    2. 3 Political Ideology
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 The Classical Origins of Western Political Ideologies
      3. 3.2 The Laws of Nature and the Social Contract
      4. 3.3 The Development of Varieties of Liberalism
      5. 3.4 Nationalism, Communism, Fascism, and Authoritarianism
      6. 3.5 Contemporary Democratic Liberalism
      7. 3.6 Contemporary Ideologies Further to the Political Left
      8. 3.7 Contemporary Ideologies Further to the Political Right
      9. 3.8 Political Ideologies That Reject Political Ideology: Scientific Socialism, Burkeanism, and Religious Extremism
      10. Summary
      11. Key Terms
      12. Review Questions
      13. Suggested Readings
    3. 4 Civil Liberties
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 The Freedom of the Individual
      3. 4.2 Constitutions and Individual Liberties
      4. 4.3 The Right to Privacy, Self-Determination, and the Freedom of Ideas
      5. 4.4 Freedom of Movement
      6. 4.5 The Rights of the Accused
      7. 4.6 The Right to a Healthy Environment
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
    4. 5 Political Participation and Public Opinion
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 What Is Political Participation?
      3. 5.2 What Limits Voter Participation in the United States?
      4. 5.3 How Do Individuals Participate Other Than Voting?
      5. 5.4 What Is Public Opinion and Where Does It Come From?
      6. 5.5 How Do We Measure Public Opinion?
      7. 5.6 Why Is Public Opinion Important?
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
  4. Groups
    1. 6 The Fundamentals of Group Political Activity
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Political Socialization: The Ways People Become Political
      3. 6.2 Political Culture: How People Express Their Political Identity
      4. 6.3 Collective Dilemmas: Making Group Decisions
      5. 6.4 Collective Action Problems: The Problem of Incentives
      6. 6.5 Resolving Collective Action Problems
      7. Summary
      8. Key Terms
      9. Review Questions
      10. Suggested Readings
    2. 7 Civil Rights
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Civil Rights and Constitutionalism
      3. 7.2 Political Culture and Majority-Minority Relations
      4. 7.3 Civil Rights Abuses
      5. 7.4 Civil Rights Movements
      6. 7.5 How Do Governments Bring About Civil Rights Change?
      7. Summary
      8. Key Terms
      9. Review Questions
      10. Suggested Readings
    3. 8 Interest Groups, Political Parties, and Elections
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 What Is an Interest Group?
      3. 8.2 What Are the Pros and Cons of Interest Groups?
      4. 8.3 Political Parties
      5. 8.4 What Are the Limits of Parties?
      6. 8.5 What Are Elections and Who Participates?
      7. 8.6 How Do People Participate in Elections?
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
  5. Institutions
    1. 9 Legislatures
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 What Do Legislatures Do?
      3. 9.2 What Is the Difference between Parliamentary and Presidential Systems?
      4. 9.3 What Is the Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Systems?
      5. 9.4 The Decline of Legislative Influence
      6. Summary
      7. Key Terms
      8. Review Questions
      9. Suggested Readings
    2. 10 Executives, Cabinets, and Bureaucracies
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Democracies: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Regimes
      3. 10.2 The Executive in Presidential Regimes
      4. 10.3 The Executive in Parliamentary Regimes
      5. 10.4 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes
      6. 10.5 Semi-Presidential Regimes
      7. 10.6 How Do Cabinets Function in Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes?
      8. 10.7 What Are the Purpose and Function of Bureaucracies?
      9. Summary
      10. Key Terms
      11. Review Questions
      12. Suggested Readings
    3. 11 Courts and Law
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 What Is the Judiciary?
      3. 11.2 How Does the Judiciary Take Action?
      4. 11.3 Types of Legal Systems around the World
      5. 11.4 Criminal versus Civil Laws
      6. 11.5 Due Process and Judicial Fairness
      7. 11.6 Judicial Review versus Executive Sovereignty
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
    4. 12 The Media
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 The Media as a Political Institution: Why Does It Matter?
      3. 12.2 Types of Media and the Changing Media Landscape
      4. 12.3 How Do Media and Elections Interact?
      5. 12.4 The Internet and Social Media
      6. 12.5 Declining Global Trust in the Media
      7. Summary
      8. Key Terms
      9. Review Questions
      10. Suggested Readings
  6. States and International Relations
    1. 13 Governing Regimes
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Contemporary Government Regimes: Power, Legitimacy, and Authority
      3. 13.2 Categorizing Contemporary Regimes
      4. 13.3 Recent Trends: Illiberal Representative Regimes
      5. Summary
      6. Key Terms
      7. Review Questions
      8. Suggested Readings
    2. 14 International Relations
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 What Is Power, and How Do We Measure It?
      3. 14.2 Understanding the Different Types of Actors in the International System
      4. 14.3 Sovereignty and Anarchy
      5. 14.4 Using Levels of Analysis to Understand Conflict
      6. 14.5 The Realist Worldview
      7. 14.6 The Liberal and Social Worldview
      8. 14.7 Critical Worldviews
      9. Summary
      10. Key Terms
      11. Review Questions
      12. Suggested Readings
    3. 15 International Law and International Organizations
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Problem of Global Governance
      3. 15.2 International Law
      4. 15.3 The United Nations and Global Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
      5. 15.4 How Do Regional IGOs Contribute to Global Governance?
      6. 15.5 Non-state Actors: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
      7. 15.6 Non-state Actors beyond NGOs
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
    4. 16 International Political Economy
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 The Origins of International Political Economy
      3. 16.2 The Advent of the Liberal Economy
      4. 16.3 The Bretton Woods Institutions
      5. 16.4 The Post–Cold War Period and Modernization Theory
      6. 16.5 From the 1990s to the 2020s: Current Issues in IPE
      7. 16.6 Considering Poverty, Inequality, and the Environmental Crisis
      8. Summary
      9. Key Terms
      10. Review Questions
      11. Suggested Readings
  7. References
  8. Index
1.
Plato’s ideal system of government is rule by __________.
  1. the working class
  2. military generals
  3. philosophers
  4. artists
2.
How does Aristotle describe democracy?
  1. As a system of government directed toward the benefit of the rich
  2. As a system of government that necessarily benefits all
  3. As the ideal political system
  4. As a defective system that works for the interests of the many at the expense of the rest
3.
What is the state of nature?
  1. The condition in which government exists and serves the public interest
  2. The condition before a government exists
  3. A key concept in the political thought of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau
  4. The condition in which government exists and abuses the rich
  5. Both B and C
4.
Hobbes saw the state of nature as __________ and argued that rational individuals in the state of nature would seek to create a(n) __________.
  1. full of pleasure; limited government
  2. defined by harmony; government comprised of musicians
  3. full of tension, stress, and competition; limited government
  4. full of tension, stress, and competition; unlimited government
5.
Locke believed that government __________.
  1. must enforce the natural law
  2. must be structured as a monarchy
  3. must redistribute private property by taking the property of the rich and giving it to the poor
  4. must develop a civil religion
6.
Adam Smith advocated __________.
  1. an economic system that limits international free trade
  2. free trade among nations
  3. eliminating private property
  4. socialism
7.
According to John Stuart Mill, personal freedom is __________.
  1. of limited importance
  2. a relic of old and obsolete thinking
  3. to be highly prized
  4. destined to lead to civil war
8.
The harm principle assumes that __________.
  1. freedom encourages an experimentation and open dialogue that allows people to reject dangerous ideas
  2. freedom encourages tension, stress, and competition
  3. freedom inevitably results in religious extremism
  4. in the state of nature, people will always act in their own self-interest
9.
Marxism views the working class as __________.
  1. the most privileged class
  2. the class that will lead a revolution against capitalism
  3. the owners of the means of production under capitalism
  4. the perpetuators of systemic racism
10.
Gramsci believed that __________.
  1. capitalists use cultural control to shape workers’ way of thinking against the goals of Marxism
  2. a workers’ revolution would never happen
  3. traditional religion is highly valuable and should be protected against critique
  4. owners and workers are on the same team
11.
Authoritarianism always entails a complete repudiation of individual rights.
  1. True
  2. False
12.
Maoism alters Marxism by seeing __________.
  1. capitalism as good
  2. the peasantry as unable to change society
  3. religion as a social force to be celebrated and promoted
  4. None of the above
13.
The center left is a form of __________.
  1. democratic liberalism
  2. communism
  3. socialism
  4. populism
14.
Political fusionism combines __________.
  1. Marxism and multiculturalism
  2. moderate economic liberalism and moderate social liberalism
  3. moderate economic libertarianism and extreme social conservatism
  4. moderate economic libertarianism and moderate social conservatism
15.
Which of the following ideologies is not associated with the New Left?
  1. Environmentalism
  2. Second-wave feminism
  3. Conservative populism
  4. Indigenism
16.
The assertion that contemporary Western societies manifest structural racism is __________.
  1. a key position of conservative populists
  2. a key element of communism
  3. a key position of critical race theorists
  4. a key element of Maoism
17.
Conservative populism __________.
  1. sees the New Left as a threat
  2. sees the center right as inadequate
  3. has seen electoral success in the United States, Hungary, and Brazil
  4. All of the above
18.
Those on the New Right see “woke capitalists” as __________.
  1. betraying the long-standing social values of their countries of origin
  2. violating the close connection between economic freedom, free markets, and social conservatism that defined the center-right coalition for decades
  3. embracing Marxist ideals
  4. Both A and B
  5. All of the above
19.
What alternative to political ideology do Burkeans propose?
  1. Strict adherence to empirical social science
  2. Religious extremism
  3. The lessons of history and tradition
  4. None of the above
20.
Religious extremists reject basing government on __________.
  1. human reason
  2. individual religious texts
  3. national identity
  4. revelations
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