Skip to ContentGo to accessibility pageKeyboard shortcuts menu
OpenStax Logo
Introduction to Philosophy

References

Introduction to PhilosophyReferences
Menu
Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Introduction to Philosophy
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
    3. 1.2 How Do Philosophers Arrive at Truth?
    4. 1.3 Socrates as a Paradigmatic Historical Philosopher
    5. 1.4 An Overview of Contemporary Philosophy
    6. Summary
    7. Key Terms
    8. References
    9. Review Questions
    10. Further Reading
  3. 2 Critical Thinking, Research, Reading, and Writing
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 The Brain Is an Inference Machine
    3. 2.2 Overcoming Cognitive Biases and Engaging in Critical Reflection
    4. 2.3 Developing Good Habits of Mind
    5. 2.4 Gathering Information, Evaluating Sources, and Understanding Evidence
    6. 2.5 Reading Philosophy
    7. 2.6 Writing Philosophy Papers
    8. Summary
    9. Key Terms
    10. References
    11. Review Questions
    12. Further Reading
  4. 3 The Early History of Philosophy around the World
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Indigenous Philosophy
    3. 3.2 Classical Indian Philosophy
    4. 3.3 Classical Chinese Philosophy
    5. Summary
    6. Key Terms
    7. References
    8. Review Questions
    9. Further Reading
  5. 4 The Emergence of Classical Philosophy
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Historiography and the History of Philosophy
    3. 4.2 Classical Philosophy
    4. 4.3 Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Philosophy
    5. Summary
    6. Key Terms
    7. References
    8. Review Questions
    9. Further Reading
  6. 5 Logic and Reasoning
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Philosophical Methods for Discovering Truth
    3. 5.2 Logical Statements
    4. 5.3 Arguments
    5. 5.4 Types of Inferences
    6. 5.5 Informal Fallacies
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
    11. Further Reading
  7. 6 Metaphysics
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Substance
    3. 6.2 Self and Identity
    4. 6.3 Cosmology and the Existence of God
    5. 6.4 Free Will
    6. Summary
    7. Key Terms
    8. References
    9. Review Questions
    10. Further Reading
  8. 7 Epistemology
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 What Epistemology Studies
    3. 7.2 Knowledge
    4. 7.3 Justification
    5. 7.4 Skepticism
    6. 7.5 Applied Epistemology
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
    11. Further Reading
  9. 8 Value Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 The Fact-Value Distinction
    3. 8.2 Basic Questions about Values
    4. 8.3 Metaethics
    5. 8.4 Well-Being
    6. 8.5 Aesthetics
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
    11. Further Reading
  10. 9 Normative Moral Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Requirements of a Normative Moral Theory
    3. 9.2 Consequentialism
    4. 9.3 Deontology
    5. 9.4 Virtue Ethics
    6. 9.5 Daoism
    7. 9.6 Feminist Theories of Ethics
    8. Summary
    9. Key Terms
    10. References
    11. Review Questions
    12. Further Reading
  11. 10 Applied Ethics
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 The Challenge of Bioethics
    3. 10.2 Environmental Ethics
    4. 10.3 Business Ethics and Emerging Technology
    5. Summary
    6. Key Terms
    7. References
    8. Review Questions
    9. Further Reading
  12. 11 Political Philosophy
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Historical Perspectives on Government
    3. 11.2 Forms of Government
    4. 11.3 Political Legitimacy and Duty
    5. 11.4 Political Ideologies
    6. Summary
    7. Key Terms
    8. References
    9. Review Questions
    10. Further Reading
  13. 12 Contemporary Philosophies and Social Theories
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Enlightenment Social Theory
    3. 12.2 The Marxist Solution
    4. 12.3 Continental Philosophy’s Challenge to Enlightenment Theories
    5. 12.4 The Frankfurt School
    6. 12.5 Postmodernism
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
  14. Index

American Heart Association. n.d. “Warning Signs of a Heart Attack.” Accessed November 24, 2021. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/warning-signs-of-a-heart-attack.

Aristotle. 1989. Metaphysics. Translated by Hugh Tredennick. Vols. 17–18 of Aristotle in 23 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg025.perseus-eng1.

BonJour, Laurence. 1985. The Structure of Empirical Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Cintron, Alexie, and R. Sean Morrison. 2006. “Pain and Ethnicity in the United States: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Palliative Medicine 9 (6):1454–1473. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2006.9.1454.

Crane, Tim, and Craig French. 2021. “The Problem of Perception.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2021 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/.

David, Marian. 2015. “The Correspondence Theory of Truth.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2020 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/truth-correspondence/.

DePaulo, Bella M., Deborah A. Kashy, Susan E. Kirkendol, Melissa M. Wyer, and Jennifer A. Epstein. 1996. “Lying in Everyday Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (5): 979–995. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.979.

Descartes, René. 1956. Discourse on Method. Translated by Laurence J. Lafleur. New York: Macmillan.

Descartes, René. 2008. Meditations on First Philosophy: With Selections from the Objections and Replies. Translated by Michael Moriarty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Drefyus, Georges B. J. 1997. Recognizing Reality: Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Frances, Bryan, and Jonathan Matheson. 2018. “Disagreement.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2019 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/disagreement/.

Fricker, Miranda. 2007. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fumerton, Richard. 1995. Metaepistemology and Skepticism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Gettier, Edmund L. 1963. “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Analysis 23 (6): 121–123. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3326922.

Goldman, Alvin I. 1976. “Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge.” The Journal of Philosophy 73 (20): 771–791. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2025679.

Goldman, Alvin I. 1979. “What Is Justified Belief?” In Justification and Knowledge: New Studies in Epistemology, edited by George S. Pappas, 1–23. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

Goldman, Alvin I., and Cailin O’Connor. 2019. “Social Epistemology.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2021 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/epistemology-social/.

Harman, Gilbert. 1973. Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hasan, Ali, and Richard Fumerton. 2016. “Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2018 ed. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/justep-foundational/.

Hume, David. 1985. A Treatise of Human Nature. Edited by Ernest C. Mossner. London: Penguin Classics.

Kant, Immanuel. 1998. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kourany, Janet A. 2009. “The Place of Standpoint Theory in Feminist Science Studies.” Hypatia 24 (4): 209–218. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20618191.

Lackey, Jennifer. 2021. Applied Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lehrer, Keith, and Thomas Paxson Jr. 1969. “Knowledge: Undefeated Justified True Belief.” The Journal of Philosophy 66 (8): 225–237. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2024435.

Moore, G. E. 1939. Proof of an External World. London: Humphrey Milford.

Murphy, Peter. n.d. “Coherentism in Epistemology.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. Accessed March 8, 2022. https://iep.utm.edu/coherent/.

Pascal, Blaise. 1973. Pensées: Notes on Religion and Other Subjects. Translated by John Warrington. London: J. M. Dent.

Plato. 1997a. Meno. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. In Plato: Complete Works, edited by John M. Cooper, 870–897. Indianapolis: Hackett.

Plato. 1997b. Theaetetus. Translated by M. J. Levett, revised by Myles Burnyeat. In Plato: Complete Works, edited by John M. Cooper, 157–234. Indianapolis: Hackett.

Putnam, Hilary. 1981. Reason, Truth, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Russell, Bertrand. 1910–1911. “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 11:108–128. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4543805.

Russell, Bertrand. 1948. Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Russell, Bertrand. 1959. The Problems of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Serota, Kim B., Timothy R. Levine, and Franklin J. Boster. 2010. “The Prevalence of Lying in America: Three Studies of Self-Reported Lies.” Human Communication Research 36 (1): 2–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01366.x.

Smedley, Brian D., Adrienne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson, eds. 2003. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Zhuangzi. 2003. “Discussion on Making All Things Equal.” In Zhuangzi: Basic Writings, translated by Burton Watson, 31–44. New York: Columbia University Press.

PreviousNext
Order a print copy

As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

Citation/Attribution

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:
    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-philosophy/pages/1-introduction
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution:
    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-philosophy/pages/1-introduction
Citation information

© Jun 21, 2022 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.