Key Terms

Key Terms

analytics process model

provides a statistical analysis using a set of processes to solve system problems and find a new market opportunity

archival backup

storing the data in different servers/sites

asynchronous call

client sends a request without waiting for the response

atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability (ACID)

properties that impose a number of constraints to ensure that stored data are reliable and accurate

attribute

column header

blockchain DBMS

database that stores data as a block data structure and each block is connected to other blocks by providing cryptographic security and immutability

business intelligence (BI)

set of activities, techniques, and tools aimed at understanding patterns in past data to predict the future

CAP theorem

states that a distributed computer system cannot guarantee consistency, availability, and partition tolerance at the same time

centralized DBMS architecture

data are maintained on a centralized server at a single location

change data capture (CDC)

technology that detects any data update event and keeps track of versions

cloud DBMS architecture

DBMS and database are hosted by a third-party cloud provider

cluster

single computer that can dramatically improve the performance, availability, and scalability over a single, more powerful machine and at a lower cost by using commodity hardware

cognitive computing

technology tries to simulate human’s way in solving problems

column-oriented database

database that stores data in column families or tables and is built to manage petabytes of data across a massive, distributed system

computer scientist

person who has theoretical and practical knowledge of computer science.

concurrency control

coordination of transactions that execute simultaneously on the same data so that they do not cause inconsistencies because of mutual interference

connection manager

manages reports, books, objects, and batches

data

information and facts that are stored digitally by a computer

data accuracy

whether the data values stored for an object are the correct values and are often correlated with other DQ dimensions

Data as a Service (DaaS)

data management technique that uses the cloud to store, process, and manage data

data completeness

degree to which all data in a specific dataset are available with a minimum percentage of missing data

data compliance

process that ensures that data practices align with external legal requirements and industry standards

data consistency

keeping data consistent as it moves between various parts of the system

data consolidation

use of ETL to capture data from multiple sources and integrate it into a single store such as a data warehouse

data control language (DCL)

language used to control access to data stored in a database

data description language (DDL)

language used to create and modify the object structure in a database

data description language (DDL) compiler

translates statements in a high-level language into low-level instructions that the query evaluation engine understands

data dictionary

set of information describing the contents, format, and structure of a database

data federation

use of enterprise information integration (EII) to provide a unified view over data sources

data governance

set of clear roles, policies, and responsibilities that enables the enterprise to manage and safeguard data quality

data integration

providing a consistent view of all organization data

data lake

large data repository that stores raw data and can be set up without having to first define the data structure and schema

data management

study of managing data effectively

data manipulation language (DML)

language used to manipulate and edit data in a database

data mart

scaled-down version of a data warehouse aimed at meeting the information needs of a homogeneous small group of end users

data model

abstract model that contains a set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, the operations for manipulating these structures, and certain constraints that the database should obey

data owner

person with the authority to ultimately decide on the access to, and usage of, the data

data propagation

use of enterprise application integration (EAI) corresponding to the synchronous or asynchronous propagation of updates in a source system to a target system

data quality (DQ)

measure of how well the data represents its purpose or fitness for use

data quality dimension

includes accuracy, completeness, consistency, and accessibility

data query language (DQL)

language used to make various queries in a database

data redundancy

happens when the same piece of data is held in two separate places in the database

data replication

storing data in more than one site to improve the data availability and retrieval performance

data scientist

person who has theoretical and practical knowledge of managing data

data security

pertains to guaranteeing data integrity, guaranteeing data availability, authentication, access control, guaranteeing confidentiality, auditing, mitigating, and vulnerabilities

data steward

person who ensures that the enterprise's actual business data and the metadata are accurate, accessible, secure, and safe

data swamp

data stored without organization to make retrieval easy

data virtualization

technique that hides the physical location of data and uses data integration patterns to produce a unified data view

data warehouse

centralizes an enterprise’s data from its databases; it supports the flow of data from operational systems to analytics/decision systems by creating a single repository of data from various sources both internal and external

database administrator (DBA)

person responsible for the implementation and monitoring of a database and ensuring databases run efficiently

database application

program or piece of software designed to collect, store, access, retrieve, and manage information efficiently and securely

database architecture

representation of the design that helps design, develop, implement, and maintain the DBMS

database designer

person responsible for creating, implementing, and maintaining the database management system

database language

used to write instructions to access and update data in the database

database management system (DBMS)

approach where metadata are stored in a catalog

database normalization

process of structuring a relational database to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity

database recovery

activity of setting the database in a consistent state without any data loss in the event of a failure or when any problem occurs

database security

using a set of controls to secure data, guaranteeing a high level of confidentiality

database transaction

sequence of read/write operations considered to be an atomic unit

database user

person with the privileges to access, analyze, update, and maintain the data

DBMS interface

main line of communication between the database and the user

DBMS utility

utility for managing and controlling database activities such as loading utility, reorganization utility, performance-monitoring utilities, user management utilities, backup and recovery utility

deep learning network

machine learning method based on artificial neural networks

denormalizing

process of merging several normalized data tables into an aggregated, denormalized data table

descriptive analytics

patterns of customer behavior

disk storage

memory device that stores the data such as hard disks, flash memory, magnetic disks, optical disks, and tapes

distributed transaction

set of operations that are performed across multiple database systems

domain constraint

defines the domain of values for an attribute

enterprise search

process of making content stemming from databases by offering tools that can be used within the enterprise

entity integrity constraint

specifies that no primary key contains a null

equi-join

join that combines tables based on matching values in specified columns

exploratory analysis

process of summarizing and visualizing data for initial insight

extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)

data integration that combines data from multiple sources, fixes the data format, and loads the data into a data warehouse

fact constellation

more than one fact table connected to other smaller dimension tables

fat client variant

where presentation logic and application logic are handled by the client; common in cases where it makes sense to couple an application’s workflow

federated DBMS

provides a uniform interface to multiple underlying data sources

flat file database

database that uses a simple structure to store data in a text file; each line in the file holds one record

full-text search

selection of individual text documents from a collection of documents according to the presence of a single or a combination of search terms in the document

functional dependency (FD)

constraint that specifies the relationship between two sets of attributes and provides a formal tool for the analysis of relational schemas

garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)

quality of output is determined by the quality of the input

graph-based database

database that represents data as a network of related nodes or objects to facilitate data visualizations and graph analytics

Hadoop

distributed data infrastructures that leverage clusters to store and process massive amounts of data

heuristics optimization

mathematical technique for processing a query quickly

hierarchical DBMS

data model in which the data are organized into a treelike model, DML is procedural and record-oriented, the query processor is logical, and internal data models are intertwined

hierarchical model

model in which data are stored in the form of records and organized into a tree structure

horizontal fragmentation (sharding)

rows that satisfy a query predicate, global view with UNION query, and common in NoSQL databases

immediate backup

storing the copies in disks

in-memory DBMS

stores all data in internal memory instead of slower external storage

indexed organization

uses a key, similar to relative organization, but the key is unique and fixed

informatics

study, design, and development of information technology for the good of people, organizations, and society

information architect

(also, data architect or information analyst) a person responsible for designing the conceptual data model (blueprints) to bridge the gap between the business processes and the IT environment

information retrieval

searching for information in documents using retrieval models that specify matching functions and query representation

inner join

represents the intersection of two tables

key constraint

specifies that all the values of the primary key must be unique

key-value store

simple database that uses an associative array such as Redis, DynamoDB, and Cosmos DB

logical data independence

separates any changes in the data from the data format

logical design

designing a database based on a specific data model but independent of physical details

macro life cycle

includes feasibility analysis, requirements collection and analysis, design, implementation, and validation and acceptance testing

MapReduce

open-source software framework used to apply complex queries

master data management (MDM)

series of processes, policies, standards, and tools to help organizations define and provide a single point of reference for all data that are mastered

merging process

selection of information from different tables about a specific entity and copying it to an aggregated table

metadata modeling

business presentation of metadata

micro life cycle

focuses on system definition, database design, database implementation, loading or data conversion, application conversion, testing and validation, operation, monitoring, and maintenance

miniworld

(also, universe of discourse [UoD]) represents some aspect of the real-world data that is stored in a database

missing value

filling an empty field or deleting the field

mixed fragmentation

combines horizontal and vertical fragmentation

multifile relational database

database that is more flexible than flat file structures by providing more functionality for creating and updating data

multimedia DBMS

provides storage of multimedia data such as text, images, audio, and video

multiuser DBMS

allows many users to use the database concurrently

multivalued dependency (MVD)

occurs when two attributes in a table are independent of each other but both depend on a third attribute

n-tier DBMS

multitier architecture that usually divides an application into three tiers

natural join

creates an implicit join based on the common columns in two tables

network DBMS

data are organized into a network model, DML is procedural and record-oriented, the query processor is logical, and internal data models are intertwined

non-first normal form (NFNF)

database data model that does not meet any of the conditions of database normalization defined by the relational model

nonrelational database

database that does not use a traditional method for storing data such as rows and columns

NoSQL DBMS

big unstructured data classified as document, graph, key-value stores, and column-oriented databases

object persistence

refers to when an object is not deleted until a need emerges to remove it from memory

object-oriented DBMS

data model in which the data are organized into an OO data model as no impedance mismatch in combination with the OO host language

online analytical processing (OLAP)

focuses on using operational data for tactical or strategical decision-making

online transaction processing (OLTP)

focuses on managing operational or transactional data; the database server must be able to process lots of simple transactions per unit of time

ontology

semantic data used to describe entities of the real world and the relationship between the entities using the Web Ontology Language (OWL)

open-source DBMS

publicly available DBMS that can be extended by anyone

operational data store (ODS)

staging area that provides query facilities

optimizer

process of selecting the best plan to execute

outer join

union of two tables

outlier

value that is outside the population that should be detected in order to apply the handling process on it

parallel processing

technique in which multiple processors work simultaneously on different tasks or different parts of a task to enable concurrent processing of large amounts of data

persistence independence

when an object is independent from how a program manipulates it

persistence orthogonality

concept means that the environment does not require any actions by a program to retrieve or save their state

physical data independence

separates the conceptual level from the physical level

physical database design

attributes logical concepts to physical constructs

predictive analytics

predicts the target measure of interest using regression and classification

primary key

special unique identifier for each table record

query processor

acts as an intermediary between users and the DBMS data engine to communicate query requests including DML compiler, query parser, query rewriter, query optimizer, and query executor

query tree

example of data structure representation for the relational algebra expression

query-by-example (QBE)

database query language for relational databases based on domain relational calculus

redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)

stores information across an array of low-cost hard disks

reinforcement

machine learning method based on encouraging desired behaviors and removing undesired behaviors

relation

mathematical concept based on the ideas of sets

relational algebra

query language that uses unary or binary operators to perform queries

relational database design (RDD)

models data into a set of tables with rows and columns

relational DBMS

data model in which the data are organized into a relational data model, use SQL as a declarative and set-oriented database, the query processor has a strict separation between the logical and internal data model

relative organization

when each record is assigned a numeric key to rearrange the order of the records at any time

return on investment (ROI)

ratio of net profits divided by the investment of resources

sampling

selecting a subset of historical data to build an analytical model

security manager

collection of processes used to secure the database from threats

semistructured data

data that are not organized in a formatted database but have some organized properties

sequential file organization

records are organized in the order stored and any new record is added at the end

single-user DBMS

only one user at a time can use the database

snowflake schema

data model that normalizes the dimension table

spanned record

when all records are classified into blocks and the length of the record can exceed the size of a block

star schema

data model with one large fact table connected to smaller tables

storage manager

program that is responsible for editing, storing, updating, deleting, and retrieving data in the database such as transaction manager, buffer manager, lock manager, and recovery manager

structured data

data that have been organized into a formatted database and have relational keys

Structured Query Language (SQL)

programming language used in programming and managing structured data located in an RDBMS

synchronous call

when the client sends a request and waits for a response from the service

tablespace

where tables are stored physically in the memory

theta join

allows merging two tables based on a theta condition

thin client variant

where only the presentation logic is handled by the client and applications and database commands are executed on the server; it is common when application logic and database logic are tightly coupled or similar

total cost of ownership (TCO)

cost of owning and operating the analytical model over time

transaction

set of database operations induced by a single user or application that should be considered as one undividable unit of work

transaction management

delineating transactions within the transaction life cycle

transfer learning

machine learning method based on reusing the result of a specific task to start a new task

translation

process of translating from high-level language to machine language

trigger

statement consisting of declarative and/or procedural instructions and stored in the catalog of the RDBMS

tuple

one row with a collection of values separated by a comma and enclosed in parenthesis

tuple and document store

database that stores data in XML or JSON format with the document name as key and the contents of the document as value

uniqueness constraint

specifies that all the tuples must be unique

unstructured data

data that are not organized in a formatted database and do not have organized properties

value

actual value derived using the total cost of ownership (TCO) and return on investment (ROI) of the data

variety

range of data types and sources that are used; data in its many forms

velocity

speed at which data comes in and goes out; data in motion

veracity

uncertainty of the data; data in doubt

vertical fragmentation

subset of columns of data, global view with JOIN query, and useful if only some of a tuple’s attributes are relevant to a node

virtual data mart

usually defined as a single SQL view

virtual data warehouse

can be built as a set of SQL views directly on the underlying operational data sources as an extra layer on top of a collection of physical independent data marts

volume

amount of data; data at rest

weak entity

type of entity that cannot be uniquely identified based on its attributes alone and must rely on a strong entity to provide the context necessary for identification

XML DBMS

data model in which the data are using the XML data model to store data