Introduction

Martin Shkreli, an aspiring pharmaceutical entrepreneur and former hedge fund manager, made headlines in 2015 when he capitalized on a profitable and controversial business opportunity. As the founder and CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, Shkreli obtained the expired patent for a lifesaving drug used to combat HIV. He raised the US market price overnight from $13.50 to $750 per pill—a 5,000 percent increase. When criticism by the medical community, the public, and politicians led to demands for a return to the original pricing, Shkreli defended his decision as a smart business practice that contributed to his firm’s bottom line. Eventually, he agreed to reverse the price but later reneged on his promise, offering instead to provide discounted pricing to hospitals.

The damage to Shkreli’s reputation, however, was already complete. The BBC described him as the “most-hated” CEO in America due to his business decisions, obnoxious behavior, and negative social media rants.¹ Infectious disease specialists and patient advocates rejected Shkreli’s argument that his “price adjustment strategy” was helpful for patients since those being treated would need the drug long after being released from the hospital. Although the pricing strategy was not illegal, Shkreli was eventually investigated and found guilty of securities fraud that involved falsely raising money from hedge fund investors and stealing money from his drug company to repay investors.²