Lynn Marecek; MaryAnne Anthony-Smith; Andrea Honeycutt Mathis

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Solve equations using a general strategy
Classify equations

Be Prepared 2.8

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

Simplify: $− (a - 4) .$
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.137.

Be Prepared 2.9

Multiply: $\frac{3}{2} (12 x + 20)$ .
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.133.

Be Prepared 2.10

Simplify: $5 - 2 (n + 1)$ .
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.138.

Be Prepared 2.11

Multiply: $3 (7 y + 9)$ .
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.132.

Be Prepared 2.12

Multiply: $(2.5) (6.4)$ .
If you missed this problem, review Example 1.97.

Solve Equations Using the General Strategy

Until now we have dealt with solving one specific form of a linear equation. It is time now to lay out one overall strategy that can be used to solve any linear equation. Some equations we solve will not require all these steps to solve, but many will.

Beginning by simplifying each side of the equation makes the remaining steps easier.

Example 2.37

How to Solve Linear Equations Using the General Strategy

Solve: $−6 (x + 3) = 24 .$

Solution

This figure is a table that has three columns and five rows. The first column is a header column, and it contains the names and numbers of each step. The second column contains further written instructions. The third column contains math. On the top row of the table, the first cell on the left reads: “Step 1. Simplify each side of the equation as much as possible.” The text in the second cell reads: “Use the Distributive Property. Notice that each side of the equation is simplified as much as possible.” The third cell contains the equation negative 6 times x plus 3, where x plus 3 is in parentheses, equals 24. Below this is the same equation with the negative 6 distributed across the parentheses: negative 6x minus 18 equals 24.

In the second row of the table, the first cell says: “Step 2. Collect all variable terms on one side of the equation.” In the second cell, the instructions say: “Nothing to do—all x’s are on the left side. The third cell is blank.

In the third row of the table, the first cell says: “Step 3. Collect constant terms on the other side of the equation. In the second cell, the instructions say: “To get constants only on the right, add 18 to each side. Simplify.” The third cell contains the same equation with 18 added to both sides: negative 6x minus 18 plus 18 equals 24 plus 18. Below this is the equation negative 6x equals 42.

In the fourth row of the table, the first cell says: “Step 4. Make the coefficient of the variable term equal to 1.” In the second cell, the instructions say: “Divide each side by negative 6. Simplify. The third cell contains the same equation divided by negative 6 on both sides: negative 6x over negative 6 equals 42 over negative 6, with “divided by negative 6” written in red on both sides. Below this is the answer to the equation: x equals negative 7.

In the fifth row of the table, the first cell says: “Step 5. Check the solution.” In the second cell, the instructions say: “Let x equal negative 7. Simplify. Multiply.” In the third cell, there is the instruction: “Check,” and to the right of this is the original equation again: negative 6 times x plus 3, with x plus 3 in parentheses, equal 24. Below this is the same equation with negative 7 substituted in for x: negative 6 times negative 7 plus 3, with negative 7 plus 3 in parentheses, might equal 24. Below this is the equation negative 6 times negative 4 might equal 24. Below this is the equation 24 equals 24, with a check mark next to it.

Try It 2.73

Solve: $5 (x + 3) = 35 .$

Try It 2.74

Solve: $6 (y - 4) = −18 .$

How To

General strategy for solving linear equations.

Step 1. Simplify each side of the equation as much as possible.
Use the Distributive Property to remove any parentheses.
Combine like terms.
Step 2. Collect all the variable terms on one side of the equation.
Use the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.
Step 3. Collect all the constant terms on the other side of the equation.
Use the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.
Step 4. Make the coefficient of the variable term to equal to 1.
Use the Multiplication or Division Property of Equality.
State the solution to the equation.
Step 5. Check the solution. Substitute the solution into the original equation to make sure the result is a true statement.

Example 2.38

Solve: $− (y + 9) = 8 .$

Solution


Simplify each side of the equation as much as possible by distributing.
The only $y$ term is on the left side, so all variable terms are on the left side of the equation.
Add $9$ to both sides to get all constant terms on the right side of the equation.
Simplify.
Rewrite $- y$ as $−1 y$ .
Make the coefficient of the variable term to equal to $1$ by dividing both sides by $−1$ .
Simplify.
Check:
Let $y = −17$ .

Try It 2.75

Solve: $− (y + 8) = −2 .$

Try It 2.76

Solve: $− (z + 4) = −12 .$

Example 2.39

Solve: $5 (a - 3) + 5 = −10$ .

Solution


Simplify each side of the equation as much as possible.
Distribute.
Combine like terms.
The only $a$ term is on the left side, so all variable terms are on one side of the equation.
Add $10$ to both sides to get all constant terms on the other side of the equation.
Simplify.
Make the coefficient of the variable term to equal to $1$ by dividing both sides by $5$ .
Simplify.
Check:
Let $a = 0$ .

Try It 2.77

Solve: $2 (m - 4) + 3 = −1$ .

Try It 2.78

Solve: $7 (n - 3) - 8 = −15$ .

Example 2.40

Solve: $\frac{2}{3} (6 m - 3) = 8 - m$ .

Solution


Distribute.
Add $m$ to get the variables only to the left.
Simplify.
Add $2$ to get constants only on the right.
Simplify.
Divide by $5$ .
Simplify.
Check:
Let $m = 2$ .

Try It 2.79

Solve: $\frac{1}{3} (6 u + 3) = 7 - u$ .

Try It 2.80

Solve: $\frac{2}{3} (9 x - 12) = 8 + 2 x$ .

Example 2.41

Solve: $8 - 2 (3 y + 5) = 0$ .

Solution


Simplify—use the Distributive Property.
Combine like terms.
Add $2$ to both sides to collect constants on the right.
Simplify.
Divide both sides by $−6$ .
Simplify.
Check: Let $y = - \frac{1}{3} .$

Try It 2.81

Solve: $12 - 3 (4 j + 3) = −17$ .

Try It 2.82

Solve: $−6 - 8 (k - 2) = −10$ .

Example 2.42

Solve: $4 (x - 1) - 2 = 5 (2 x + 3) + 6$ .

Solution


Distribute.
Combine like terms.
Subtract $4 x$ to get the variables only on the right side since $10 > 4$ .
Simplify.
Subtract $21$ to get the constants on left.
Simplify.
Divide by 6.
Simplify.
Check:
Let $x = - \frac{9}{2}$ .

Try It 2.83

Solve: $6 (p - 3) - 7 = 5 (4 p + 3) - 12$ .

Try It 2.84

Solve: $8 (q + 1) - 5 = 3 (2 q - 4) - 1$ .

Example 2.43

Solve: $10 [3 - 8 (2 s - 5)] = 15 (40 - 5 s)$ .

Solution


Simplify from the innermost parentheses first.
Combine like terms in the brackets.
Distribute.
Add $160 s$ to get the s’s to the right.
Simplify.
Subtract 600 to get the constants to the left.
Simplify.
Divide.
Simplify.
Check:
Substitute $s = −2$ .

Try It 2.85

Solve: $6 [4 - 2 (7 y - 1)] = 8 (13 - 8 y)$ .

Try It 2.86

Solve: $12 [1 - 5 (4 z - 1)] = 3 (24 + 11 z)$ .

Example 2.44

Solve: $0.36 (100 n + 5) = 0.6 (30 n + 15)$ .

Solution


Distribute.
Subtract $18 n$ to get the variables to the left.
Simplify.
Subtract $1.8$ to get the constants to the right.
Simplify.
Divide.
Simplify.
Check:
Let $n = 0.4$ .

Try It 2.87

Solve: $0.55 (100 n + 8) = 0.6 (85 n + 14)$ .

Try It 2.88

Solve: $0.15 (40 m - 120) = 0.5 (60 m + 12)$ .

Classify Equations

Consider the equation we solved at the start of the last section, $7 x + 8 = −13$ . The solution we found was $x = −3$ . This means the equation $7 x + 8 = −13$ is true when we replace the variable, x, with the value $−3$ . We showed this when we checked the solution $x = −3$ and evaluated $7 x + 8 = −13$ for $x = −3$ .

This figure shows why we can say the equation 7x plus 8 equals negative 13 is true when the variable x is replaced with the value negative 3. The first line shows the equation with negative 3 substituted in for x: 7 times negative 3 plus 8 might equal negative 13. Below this is the equation negative 21 plus 8 might equal negative 13. Below this is the equation negative 13 equals negative 13, with a check mark next to it.

If we evaluate $7 x + 8$ for a different value of x, the left side will not be $−13$ .

The equation $7 x + 8 = −13$ is true when we replace the variable, x, with the value $−3$ , but not true when we replace x with any other value. Whether or not the equation $7 x + 8 = −13$ is true depends on the value of the variable. Equations like this are called conditional equations.

All the equations we have solved so far are conditional equations.

Conditional equation

An equation that is true for one or more values of the variable and false for all other values of the variable is a conditional equation.

Now let’s consider the equation $2 y + 6 = 2 (y + 3)$ . Do you recognize that the left side and the right side are equivalent? Let’s see what happens when we solve for y.


Distribute.
Subtract $2 y$ to get the $y$ ’s to one side.
Simplify—the $y$ ’s are gone!

But $6 = 6$ is true.

This means that the equation $2 y + 6 = 2 (y + 3)$ is true for any value of y. We say the solution to the equation is all of the real numbers. An equation that is true for any value of the variable like this is called an identity.

Identity

An equation that is true for any value of the variable is called an identity.

The solution of an identity is all real numbers.

What happens when we solve the equation $5 z = 5 z - 1$ ?


Subtract $5 z$ to get the constant alone on the right.
Simplify—the $z$ ’s are gone!

But $0 \neq − 1$ .

Solving the equation $5 z = 5 z - 1$ led to the false statement $0 = −1$ . The equation $5 z = 5 z - 1$ will not be true for any value of z. It has no solution. An equation that has no solution, or that is false for all values of the variable, is called a contradiction.

Contradiction

An equation that is false for all values of the variable is called a contradiction.

A contradiction has no solution.

Example 2.45

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction. Then state the solution.

$6 (2 n - 1) + 3 = 2 n - 8 + 5 (2 n + 1)$

Solution


Distribute.
Combine like terms.
Subtract $12 n$ to get the $n$ ’s to one side.
Simplify.
This is a true statement.	The equation is an identity. The solution is all real numbers.

Try It 2.89

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution:

$4 + 9 (3 x - 7) = −42 x - 13 + 23 (3 x - 2)$

Try It 2.90

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution:

$8 (1 - 3 x) + 15 (2 x + 7) = 2 (x + 50) + 4 (x + 3) + 1$

Example 2.46

Classify as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction. Then state the solution.

$10 + 4 (p - 5) = 0$

Solution


Distribute.
Combine like terms.
Add $10$ to both sides.
Simplify.
Divide.
Simplify.
The equation is true when $p = \frac{5}{2}$ .	This is a conditional equation. The solution is $p = \frac{5}{2} .$

Try It 2.91

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: $11 (q + 3) - 5 = 19$

Try It 2.92

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: $6 + 14 (k - 8) = 95$

Example 2.47

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction. Then state the solution.

$5 m + 3 (9 + 3 m) = 2 (7 m - 11)$

Solution


Distribute.
Combine like terms.
Subtract $14 m$ from both sides.
Simplify.
But $27 \neq −22$ .	The equation is a contradiction. It has no solution.

Try It 2.93

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution:

$12 c + 5 (5 + 3 c) = 3 (9 c - 4)$

Try It 2.94

Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution:

$4 (7 d + 18) = 13 (3 d - 2) - 11 d$

Type of equation	What happens when you solve it?	Solution
Conditional Equation	True for one or more values of the variables and false for all other values	One or more values
Identity	True for any value of the variable	All real numbers
Contradiction	False for all values of the variable	No solution

Table 2.5

Section 2.4 Exercises

Practice Makes Perfect

Solve Equations Using the General Strategy for Solving Linear Equations

In the following exercises, solve each linear equation.

232.

$15 (y - 9) = −60$

233.

$21 (y - 5) = −42$

234.

$−9 (2 n + 1) = 36$

235.

$−16 (3 n + 4) = 32$

236.

$8 (22 + 11 r) = 0$

237.

$5 (8 + 6 p) = 0$

238.

$− (w - 12) = 30$

239.

$− (t - 19) = 28$

240.

$9 (6 a + 8) + 9 = 81$

241.

$8 (9 b - 4) - 12 = 100$

242.

$32 + 3 (z + 4) = 41$

243.

$21 + 2 (m - 4) = 25$

244.

$51 + 5 (4 - q) = 56$

245.

$−6 + 6 (5 - k) = 15$

246.

$2 (9 s - 6) - 62 = 16$

247.

$8 (6 t - 5) - 35 = −27$

248.

$3 (10 - 2 x) + 54 = 0$

249.

$−2 (11 - 7 x) + 54 = 4$

250.

$\frac{2}{3} (9 c - 3) = 22$

251.

$\frac{3}{5} (10 x - 5) = 27$

252.

$\frac{1}{5} (15 c + 10) = c + 7$

253.

$\frac{1}{4} (20 d + 12) = d + 7$

254.

$18 - (9 r + 7) = −16$

255.

$15 - (3 r + 8) = 28$

256.

$5 - (n - 1) = 19$

257.

$−3 - (m - 1) = 13$

258.

$11 - 4 (y - 8) = 43$

259.

$18 - 2 (y - 3) = 32$

260.

$24 - 8 (3 v + 6) = 0$

261.

$35 - 5 (2 w + 8) = −10$

262.

$4 (a - 12) = 3 (a + 5)$

263.

$−2 (a - 6) = 4 (a - 3)$

264.

$2 (5 - u) = −3 (2 u + 6)$

265.

$5 (8 - r) = −2 (2 r - 16)$

266.

$3 (4 n - 1) - 2 = 8 n + 3$

267.

$9 (2 m - 3) - 8 = 4 m + 7$

268.

$12 + 2 (5 - 3 y) = −9 (y - 1) - 2$

269.

$−15 + 4 (2 - 5 y) = −7 (y - 4) + 4$

270.

$8 (x - 4) - 7 x = 14$

271.

$5 (x - 4) - 4 x = 14$

272.

$5 + 6 (3 s - 5) = −3 + 2 (8 s - 1)$

273.

$−12 + 8 (x - 5) = −4 + 3 (5 x - 2)$

274.

$4 (u - 1) - 8 = 6 (3 u - 2) - 7$

275.

$7 (2 n - 5) = 8 (4 n - 1) - 9$

276.

$4 (p - 4) - (p + 7) = 5 (p - 3)$

277.

$3 (a - 2) - (a + 6) = 4 (a - 1)$

278.

$− (9 y + 5) - (3 y - 7)$
$= 16 - (4 y - 2)$

279.

$− (7 m + 4) - (2 m - 5)$
$= 14 - (5 m - 3)$

280.

$4 [5 - 8 (4 c - 3)]$
$= 12 (1 - 13 c) - 8$

281.

$5 [9 - 2 (6 d - 1)]$
$= 11 (4 - 10 d) - 139$

282.

$3 [−9 + 8 (4 h - 3)]$
$= 2 (5 - 12 h) - 19$

283.

$3 [−14 + 2 (15 k - 6)]$
$= 8 (3 - 5 k) - 24$

284.

$5 [2 (m + 4) + 8 (m - 7)]$
$= 2 [3 (5 + m) - (21 - 3 m)]$

285.

$10 [5 (n + 1) + 4 (n - 1)]$
$= 11 [7 (5 + n) - (25 - 3 n)]$

286.

$5 (1.2 u - 4.8) = −12$

287.

$4 (2.5 v - 0.6) = 7.6$

288.

$0.25 (q - 6) = 0.1 (q + 18)$

289.

$0.2 (p - 6) = 0.4 (p + 14)$

290.

$0.2 (30 n + 50) = 28$

291.

$0.5 (16 m + 34) = −15$

Classify Equations

In the following exercises, classify each equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution.

292.

$23 z + 19 = 3 (5 z - 9) + 8 z + 46$

293.

$15 y + 32 = 2 (10 y - 7) - 5 y + 46$

294.

$5 (b - 9) + 4 (3 b + 9) = 6 (4 b - 5) - 7 b + 21$

295.

$9 (a - 4) + 3 (2 a + 5) = 7 (3 a - 4) - 6 a + 7$

296.

$18 (5 j - 1) + 29 = 47$

297.

$24 (3 d - 4) + 100 = 52$

298.

$22 (3 m - 4) = 8 (2 m + 9)$

299.

$30 (2 n - 1) = 5 (10 n + 8)$

300.

$7 v + 42 = 11 (3 v + 8) - 2 (13 v - 1)$

301.

$18 u - 51 = 9 (4 u + 5) - 6 (3 u - 10)$

302.

$3 (6 q - 9) + 7 (q + 4) = 5 (6 q + 8) - 5 (q + 1)$

303.

$5 (p + 4) + 8 (2 p - 1) = 9 (3 p - 5) - 6 (p - 2)$

304.

$12 (6 h - 1) = 8 (8 h + 5) - 4$

305.

$9 (4 k - 7) = 11 (3 k + 1) + 4$

306.

$45 (3 y - 2) = 9 (15 y - 6)$

307.

$60 (2 x - 1) = 15 (8 x + 5)$

308.

$16 (6 n + 15) = 48 (2 n + 5)$

309.

$36 (4 m + 5) = 12 (12 m + 15)$

310.

$9 (14 d + 9) + 4 d = 13 (10 d + 6) + 3$

311.

$11 (8 c + 5) - 8 c = 2 (40 c + 25) + 5$

Everyday Math

312.

Fencing Micah has 44 feet of fencing to make a dog run in his yard. He wants the length to be 2.5 feet more than the width. Find the length, L, by solving the equation $2 L + 2 (L - 2.5) = 44$ .

313.

Coins Rhonda has $1.90 in nickels and dimes. The number of dimes is one less than twice the number of nickels. Find the number of nickels, n, by solving the equation $0.05 n + 0.10 (2 n - 1) = 1.90$ .

Writing Exercises

314.

Using your own words, list the steps in the general strategy for solving linear equations.

315.

Explain why you should simplify both sides of an equation as much as possible before collecting the variable terms to one side and the constant terms to the other side.

316.

What is the first step you take when solving the equation $3 - 7 (y - 4) = 38$ ? Why is this your first step?

317.

Solve the equation $\frac{1}{4} (8 x + 20) = 3 x - 4$ explaining all the steps of your solution as in the examples in this section.

Self Check

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objective of this section.

This is a table that has three rows and four columns. In the first row, which is a header row, the cells read from left to right: “I can…,” “confidently,” “with some help,” and “no-I don’t get it!” The first column below “I can…” reads: “solve equations using the general strategy for solving linear equations,” and “classify equations.” The rest of the cells are blank.

ⓑ On a scale of 1-10, how would you rate your mastery of this section in light of your responses on the checklist? How can you improve this?

2.4 Use a General Strategy to Solve Linear Equations

Solve Equations Using the General Strategy

How to Solve Linear Equations Using the General Strategy

Solution

General strategy for solving linear equations.

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Classify Equations

Solution

Solution

Solution

Section 2.4 Exercises

Practice Makes Perfect

Everyday Math

Writing Exercises

Self Check