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Contemporary Mathematics

A | Co-Req Appendix: Integer Powers of 10

Contemporary MathematicsA | Co-Req Appendix: Integer Powers of 10
Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Sets
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Basic Set Concepts
    3. 1.2 Subsets
    4. 1.3 Understanding Venn Diagrams
    5. 1.4 Set Operations with Two Sets
    6. 1.5 Set Operations with Three Sets
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  3. 2 Logic
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Statements and Quantifiers
    3. 2.2 Compound Statements
    4. 2.3 Constructing Truth Tables
    5. 2.4 Truth Tables for the Conditional and Biconditional
    6. 2.5 Equivalent Statements
    7. 2.6 De Morgan’s Laws
    8. 2.7 Logical Arguments
    9. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  4. 3 Real Number Systems and Number Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Prime and Composite Numbers
    3. 3.2 The Integers
    4. 3.3 Order of Operations
    5. 3.4 Rational Numbers
    6. 3.5 Irrational Numbers
    7. 3.6 Real Numbers
    8. 3.7 Clock Arithmetic
    9. 3.8 Exponents
    10. 3.9 Scientific Notation
    11. 3.10 Arithmetic Sequences
    12. 3.11 Geometric Sequences
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  5. 4 Number Representation and Calculation
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Hindu-Arabic Positional System
    3. 4.2 Early Numeration Systems
    4. 4.3 Converting with Base Systems
    5. 4.4 Addition and Subtraction in Base Systems
    6. 4.5 Multiplication and Division in Base Systems
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  6. 5 Algebra
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Algebraic Expressions
    3. 5.2 Linear Equations in One Variable with Applications
    4. 5.3 Linear Inequalities in One Variable with Applications
    5. 5.4 Ratios and Proportions
    6. 5.5 Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities
    7. 5.6 Quadratic Equations with Two Variables with Applications
    8. 5.7 Functions
    9. 5.8 Graphing Functions
    10. 5.9 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    11. 5.10 Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
    12. 5.11 Linear Programming
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  7. 6 Money Management
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Understanding Percent
    3. 6.2 Discounts, Markups, and Sales Tax
    4. 6.3 Simple Interest
    5. 6.4 Compound Interest
    6. 6.5 Making a Personal Budget
    7. 6.6 Methods of Savings
    8. 6.7 Investments
    9. 6.8 The Basics of Loans
    10. 6.9 Understanding Student Loans
    11. 6.10 Credit Cards
    12. 6.11 Buying or Leasing a Car
    13. 6.12 Renting and Homeownership
    14. 6.13 Income Tax
    15. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  8. 7 Probability
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 The Multiplication Rule for Counting
    3. 7.2 Permutations
    4. 7.3 Combinations
    5. 7.4 Tree Diagrams, Tables, and Outcomes
    6. 7.5 Basic Concepts of Probability
    7. 7.6 Probability with Permutations and Combinations
    8. 7.7 What Are the Odds?
    9. 7.8 The Addition Rule for Probability
    10. 7.9 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule
    11. 7.10 The Binomial Distribution
    12. 7.11 Expected Value
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Formula Review
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  9. 8 Statistics
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Gathering and Organizing Data
    3. 8.2 Visualizing Data
    4. 8.3 Mean, Median and Mode
    5. 8.4 Range and Standard Deviation
    6. 8.5 Percentiles
    7. 8.6 The Normal Distribution
    8. 8.7 Applications of the Normal Distribution
    9. 8.8 Scatter Plots, Correlation, and Regression Lines
    10. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  10. 9 Metric Measurement
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 The Metric System
    3. 9.2 Measuring Area
    4. 9.3 Measuring Volume
    5. 9.4 Measuring Weight
    6. 9.5 Measuring Temperature
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  11. 10 Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Points, Lines, and Planes
    3. 10.2 Angles
    4. 10.3 Triangles
    5. 10.4 Polygons, Perimeter, and Circumference
    6. 10.5 Tessellations
    7. 10.6 Area
    8. 10.7 Volume and Surface Area
    9. 10.8 Right Triangle Trigonometry
    10. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  12. 11 Voting and Apportionment
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Voting Methods
    3. 11.2 Fairness in Voting Methods
    4. 11.3 Standard Divisors, Standard Quotas, and the Apportionment Problem
    5. 11.4 Apportionment Methods
    6. 11.5 Fairness in Apportionment Methods
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  13. 12 Graph Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Graph Basics
    3. 12.2 Graph Structures
    4. 12.3 Comparing Graphs
    5. 12.4 Navigating Graphs
    6. 12.5 Euler Circuits
    7. 12.6 Euler Trails
    8. 12.7 Hamilton Cycles
    9. 12.8 Hamilton Paths
    10. 12.9 Traveling Salesperson Problem
    11. 12.10 Trees
    12. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  14. 13 Math and...
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Math and Art
    3. 13.2 Math and the Environment
    4. 13.3 Math and Medicine
    5. 13.4 Math and Music
    6. 13.5 Math and Sports
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Formula Review
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  15. A | Co-Req Appendix: Integer Powers of 10
  16. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
  17. Index

Nonnegative Integer Powers of 10

The phrase nonnegative integers refers to the set containing 0, 1, 2, 3, … and so on. In the expression 105105, 10 is called the base, and 5 is called the exponent, or power. The exponent 5 is telling us to multiply the base 10 by itself 5 times. So, 105=10×10×10×10×10=100,000105=10×10×10×10×10=100,000. By definition, any number raised to the 0 power is 1. So, 100=1100=1.

In the following table, there are several nonnegative integer powers of 10 that have been written as a product. Notice that higher exponents result in larger products. What do you notice about the number of zeros in the resulting product?

Exponential Form Product Number of Zeros in Product
100100 11 00
101101 1010 11
102102 10×10=10010×10=100 22
103103 10×10×10=1,00010×10×10=1,000 33
104104 10×10×10×10=10,00010×10×10×10=10,000 44
105105 10×10×10×10×10=100,00010×10×10×10×10=100,000 55

That’s right! The number of zeros is the same as the power each time!

Negative Integer Powers of 10

The reciprocal of a number is 1 divided by that number. For example, the reciprocal of 10 is 110110. We use negative exponents to indicate a reciprocal. For example, 10−1=1101=11010−1=1101=110. Similarly, any expression with a negative exponent can be written with a positive exponent by taking the reciprocal. Several negative powers of 10 have been simplified in the table that follows. What do you notice about the number of zeros in the denominator (bottom) of each fraction?

Exponential Form Equivalent Simplified Expression Number of Zeros in Denominator
10−110−1 1101=1101101=110 11
10−210−2 1102=110×10=11001102=110×10=1100 22
10−310−3 1103=110×10×10=11,0001103=110×10×10=11,000 33
10−410−4 1104=110×10×10×10=110,0001104=110×10×10×10=110,000 44

That’s right! The number of zeros is the same as the positive version of the power each time.

In the following table, we will write the same powers of 10 as decimals. Count the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point. What do you notice?

Exponential Form Equivalent Simplified Expression Number of Decimal Places to Right of Decimal
10−110−1 1101=1÷10=0.11101=1÷10=0.1 11
10−210−2 1102=1÷100=0.011102=1÷100=0.01 22
10−310−3 1103=1÷1,000=0.0011103=1÷1,000=0.001 33
10−410−4 1104=1÷10,000=0.00011104=1÷10,000=0.0001 44

That’s right! The number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point is the same as the positive version of the power each time.

Multiplying Integers by Positive Powers of 10

Did you know that the distance from the sun to Earth is over 90 million miles? This value can be represented as 90,000,000, or we can write it as a product: 9×10,000,000=9×1079×10,000,000=9×107, which is actually a more compact way of writing 90 million. Notice that the power of 7 reflects the number of zeros in 90 million. Several products of positive integers and powers of 10 are given in the table that follows. Notice that the number of zeros is the same as the exponent except in one case.

Exponential Form Product Number of Zeros in Product
5×1015×101 5×10=505×10=50 11
13×10213×102 13×100=1,30013×100=1,300 22
8×1038×103 8×1,000=8,0008×1,000=8,000 33
15×10415×104 15×10,000=150,00015×10,000=150,000 44
70×10570×105 70×100,000=7,000,00070×100,000=7,000,000 66

The only case in which the number of zeros didn’t equal the exponent was the last case. Why do you think that happened? That’s right! We multiplied by 70 which also had a zero. So, the product had a zero from the 70 and 5 zeros from 105105 for a total of 6 zeros in 7,000,000.

Multiplying by Negative Powers of 10

As we have seen, negative powers of 10 are decimals. Several products of positive integers and powers of 10 are given in the table below. Notice that multiplying an integer by 10 raised to a negative integer power results in a smaller number than you started with. Also, the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point is the same as the exponent except in one case.

Exponential Form Product Number of Decimal Places to Right of Decimal
3×10−13×10−1 3×0.1=0.33×0.1=0.3 11
13×10−213×10−2 13×0.01=0.1313×0.01=0.13 22
9×10−39×10−3 9×0.001=0.0099×0.001=0.009 33
15×10−415×10−4 15×0.0001=0.001515×0.0001=0.0015 44
70×10−570×10−5 70×0.00001=0.00070or0.000770×0.00001=0.00070or0.0007 5(6if we leave on the extra0)5(6if we leave on the extra0)

The only case in which the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point didn’t equal the positive version of the exponent was the last case. Why do you think that happened? That’s right! We multiplied by 70, which ended in zero.

Moving the Decimal Place

A helpful shortcut when multiplying a number by a power of 10 is to “move the decimal point.” The following table shows several powers of 10, both positive and negative. Compare the location of the decimal point in the original number to the location of the decimal point in the product. How has it changed?

Exponential Form Product How the Position of the Decimal Point Changed
5×1015×101 5.×10=5∧0⌣.=505.×10=5∧0⌣.=50 1place to the right1place to the right
13×10213×102 13.×100=130⌣∧0⌣.=1,30013.×100=130⌣∧0⌣.=1,300 2places to the right2places to the right
8×1038×103 8.×1,000=8∧0⌣0⌣0⌣.=8,0008.×1,000=8∧0⌣0⌣0⌣.=8,000 3places to the right3places to the right
15×10415×104 15.×10000=15∧0⌣0⌣0⌣0⌣.=150,00015.×10000=15∧0⌣0⌣0⌣0⌣.=150,000 4places to the right4places to the right
70×10570×105 70.×100,000=70∧0⌣0⌣0⌣0⌣0⌣.=7,000,00070.×100,000=70∧0⌣0⌣0⌣0⌣0⌣.=7,000,000 5places to the right5places to the right
3×10−13×10−1 3.×0.1=.3⌣∧=0.33.×0.1=.3⌣∧=0.3 1place to the left1place to the left
13×10−213×10−2 13.×0.01=.1⌣3⌣∧=0.1313.×0.01=.1⌣3⌣∧=0.13 2places to the left2places to the left
9×10−39×10−3 9.×0.001=.0⌣0⌣9⌣∧=0.0099.×0.001=.0⌣0⌣9⌣∧=0.009 3places to the left3places to the left
15×10−415×10−4 15.×0.0001=.0⌣0⌣1⌣5⌣∧=0.001515.×0.0001=.0⌣0⌣1⌣5⌣∧=0.0015 4places to the left4places to the left
70×10−570×10−5 70×0.00001=.0⌣0⌣0⌣7⌣0⌣∧=0.000770×0.00001=.0⌣0⌣0⌣7⌣0⌣∧=0.0007 5places to the left5places to the left

Notice that multiplying by a positive power of 10 moves the decimal point to the right, making the value larger, while multiplying by a negative power of 10 moves the decimal point to the left, making the value smaller. Also, the number of decimal places that the decimal point moves is exactly the positive version of the exponent.

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