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Contemporary Mathematics

6.1 Understanding Percent

Contemporary Mathematics6.1 Understanding Percent

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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Sets
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Basic Set Concepts
    3. 1.2 Subsets
    4. 1.3 Understanding Venn Diagrams
    5. 1.4 Set Operations with Two Sets
    6. 1.5 Set Operations with Three Sets
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  3. 2 Logic
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Statements and Quantifiers
    3. 2.2 Compound Statements
    4. 2.3 Constructing Truth Tables
    5. 2.4 Truth Tables for the Conditional and Biconditional
    6. 2.5 Equivalent Statements
    7. 2.6 De Morgan’s Laws
    8. 2.7 Logical Arguments
    9. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  4. 3 Real Number Systems and Number Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Prime and Composite Numbers
    3. 3.2 The Integers
    4. 3.3 Order of Operations
    5. 3.4 Rational Numbers
    6. 3.5 Irrational Numbers
    7. 3.6 Real Numbers
    8. 3.7 Clock Arithmetic
    9. 3.8 Exponents
    10. 3.9 Scientific Notation
    11. 3.10 Arithmetic Sequences
    12. 3.11 Geometric Sequences
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  5. 4 Number Representation and Calculation
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Hindu-Arabic Positional System
    3. 4.2 Early Numeration Systems
    4. 4.3 Converting with Base Systems
    5. 4.4 Addition and Subtraction in Base Systems
    6. 4.5 Multiplication and Division in Base Systems
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  6. 5 Algebra
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Algebraic Expressions
    3. 5.2 Linear Equations in One Variable with Applications
    4. 5.3 Linear Inequalities in One Variable with Applications
    5. 5.4 Ratios and Proportions
    6. 5.5 Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities
    7. 5.6 Quadratic Equations with Two Variables with Applications
    8. 5.7 Functions
    9. 5.8 Graphing Functions
    10. 5.9 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    11. 5.10 Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
    12. 5.11 Linear Programming
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  7. 6 Money Management
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Understanding Percent
    3. 6.2 Discounts, Markups, and Sales Tax
    4. 6.3 Simple Interest
    5. 6.4 Compound Interest
    6. 6.5 Making a Personal Budget
    7. 6.6 Methods of Savings
    8. 6.7 Investments
    9. 6.8 The Basics of Loans
    10. 6.9 Understanding Student Loans
    11. 6.10 Credit Cards
    12. 6.11 Buying or Leasing a Car
    13. 6.12 Renting and Homeownership
    14. 6.13 Income Tax
    15. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  8. 7 Probability
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 The Multiplication Rule for Counting
    3. 7.2 Permutations
    4. 7.3 Combinations
    5. 7.4 Tree Diagrams, Tables, and Outcomes
    6. 7.5 Basic Concepts of Probability
    7. 7.6 Probability with Permutations and Combinations
    8. 7.7 What Are the Odds?
    9. 7.8 The Addition Rule for Probability
    10. 7.9 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule
    11. 7.10 The Binomial Distribution
    12. 7.11 Expected Value
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Formula Review
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  9. 8 Statistics
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Gathering and Organizing Data
    3. 8.2 Visualizing Data
    4. 8.3 Mean, Median and Mode
    5. 8.4 Range and Standard Deviation
    6. 8.5 Percentiles
    7. 8.6 The Normal Distribution
    8. 8.7 Applications of the Normal Distribution
    9. 8.8 Scatter Plots, Correlation, and Regression Lines
    10. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  10. 9 Metric Measurement
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 The Metric System
    3. 9.2 Measuring Area
    4. 9.3 Measuring Volume
    5. 9.4 Measuring Weight
    6. 9.5 Measuring Temperature
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  11. 10 Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Points, Lines, and Planes
    3. 10.2 Angles
    4. 10.3 Triangles
    5. 10.4 Polygons, Perimeter, and Circumference
    6. 10.5 Tessellations
    7. 10.6 Area
    8. 10.7 Volume and Surface Area
    9. 10.8 Right Triangle Trigonometry
    10. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  12. 11 Voting and Apportionment
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Voting Methods
    3. 11.2 Fairness in Voting Methods
    4. 11.3 Standard Divisors, Standard Quotas, and the Apportionment Problem
    5. 11.4 Apportionment Methods
    6. 11.5 Fairness in Apportionment Methods
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  13. 12 Graph Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Graph Basics
    3. 12.2 Graph Structures
    4. 12.3 Comparing Graphs
    5. 12.4 Navigating Graphs
    6. 12.5 Euler Circuits
    7. 12.6 Euler Trails
    8. 12.7 Hamilton Cycles
    9. 12.8 Hamilton Paths
    10. 12.9 Traveling Salesperson Problem
    11. 12.10 Trees
    12. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  14. 13 Math and...
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Math and Art
    3. 13.2 Math and the Environment
    4. 13.3 Math and Medicine
    5. 13.4 Math and Music
    6. 13.5 Math and Sports
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Formula Review
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  15. A | Co-Req Appendix: Integer Powers of 10
  16. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
  17. Index
The federal budget in the fiscal year 2021. The two circled flow chart shows total outlays and total revenues. The total outlay is $6.8 trillion and 30.5 percent of the G D P. Three categories are labeled mandatory, discretionary, and net interest, and the G D P percentages are 21.6, 7.3, and 1.6 respectively. The total revenue is $4.0 trillion and 18.1 percent of the G D P. Four categories are labeled individual income taxes, payroll taxes, corporate income taxes, and other, and the G D P percentages are 9.1, 5.9, 1.7, and 1.4 respectively.
Figure 6.2 The federal budget describes how money is spent and how money is earned. (credit: "Breakdown of revenues and outlays in 2021 US Federal budget" Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)

Learning Objectives

After completing this section, you should be able to:

  1. Define and calculate percent.
  2. Convert between percent, decimal, and fractional values.
  3. Calculate the total, percent, or part.
  4. Solve application problems involving percents.

In 2020, the U.S. federal government budgeted $3.5 billion for the National Park Service, which appears to be a very large number (and is!) and a large portion of the total federal budget. However, the total outlays from the U.S. federal government in 2020 was $6.6 trillion. So, the amount budgeted for the National Park Service was less than one-tenth of 1 percent, or 1/10%, of the total outlays. This percent describes a specific number. Understanding that ratio puts the $3.5 billion budgeted to the National Park Service in perspective.

This chapter focuses on percent as a primary tool for understanding money management. The interest paid on debt, the interest earned through investments, and even taxes are entirely determined using percent. This section introduces the basics of working with this invaluable tool.

Define and Calculate Percent

The word percent comes from the Latin phrase per centum, which means “by the hundred.” So any percent is a number divided by 100. Changing a percent to a fraction is to write the percent in its fractional form. To write nn% in its fractional form is to write the percent as the fraction n100n100.

Checkpoint

A percent need not be an integer and does not have to be less than 100.

Example 6.1

Rewriting a Percent as a Fraction

Rewrite the following as fractions:

  1. 18%
  2. 84%
  3. 38.7%
  4. 213%

Your Turn 6.1

Rewrite the following as fractions:
1.
3%
2.
94%
3.
67.2%
4.
670%

Convert Between Percent, Decimal, and Fractional Values

When any calculation with a percent is to be performed, the form of the percent must be changed, either to its fractional form or its decimal form. We can change a percent into decimal form by dividing the percent by 100 and representing the result as a decimal.

FORMULA

The decimal form of nn% is found by calculating the decimal value of n÷100n÷100.

Example 6.2

Converting a Percent to Decimal Form

Convert the following percents to decimal form:

  1. 17%
  2. 7%
  3. 18.45%

Your Turn 6.2

Convert the following percents to decimal form:
1.
9%
2.
24%
3.
2.18%

You should notice that, to convert from percent to decimal form, you can simply move the decimal two places to the left without performing the division.

FORMULA

To convert the number xx from decimal form to percent, multiply xx by 100 and place a percent sign, %, after the number, (x×100)%(x×100)%.

Example 6.3

Converting the Decimal Form of a Percent to Percent

Convert each of the following to percent:

  1. 0.34
  2. 4.15
  3. 0.0391

Your Turn 6.3

Convert the following to percent:
1.
0.41
2.
0.02
3.
9.2481

You should notice that, to convert from decimal form to percent form, you can simply move the decimal two places to the right without performing the multiplication.

Calculate the Total, Percent, or Part

The word “of” is used to indicate multiplication using fractions, as in “one-fourth of 56.” To find “one-fourth of 56” we would multiply 56 by one-fourth. We can think of percents as fractions with a specific denominator—100. So, to calculate “25% of 52,” we multiply 52 by 25%. But, first we need to convert the percent to either fractional form (25/100) or decimal form. Using the decimal form of 25% we have 0.25 × 52, which equals 13.

In this problem, 52 is the total or base, 25 is the percentage, and 13 is the percentage of 52, or the part of 52. This is sometimes referred to as the amount.

FORMULA

The mathematical formula relating the total (base), the percent in decimal form, and the part (amount) is part=percent×totalpart=percent×total, or, amount=percent×baseamount=percent×base.

Checkpoint

In all calculations, the percent is expressed in decimal form.

Knowing any two of the values in our formula allows us to calculate the third value. In the following example, we know the total and the percent, and are asked to find the percentage of the total.

Example 6.4

Finding the Percent of a Total

  1. Determine 70% of 3,500
  2. Determine 156% of 720

Your Turn 6.4

1.
Determine 26% of 1,300.
2.
Determine 225% of 915.

In the previous example, we knew the total and the percent and found the part using our formula. We may instead know the percent and the part, but not the total. We can use our formula again to solve for the total.

Example 6.5

Finding the Total from the Percent and the Part

  1. What is the total if 35% of the total is 70?
  2. What is the total if 10% of the total is 4,000?

Your Turn 6.5

1.
What is the total if 18% of the total is 45?
2.
What is the total if 15% of the total is 900?

Similarly, the percent can be found if the total and the percent of the total (the part) are known. This will result in the decimal form of the percent, so it must be converted to percent form.

Example 6.6

Finding the Percent from the Total and the Part

  1. What percent of 500 is 175?
  2. What percent of 228 is 155?

Your Turn 6.6

Find the percent in the following:
1.
Total is 40, percent of the total is 25
2.
Total is 730, percent of the total is 292

Solve Application Problems Involving Percents

Percents are frequently used in finance, research, science experiments, and even casual conversation. Understanding these types of values helps when consuming media or discussing finances, for instance. Effectively working with and interpreting numbers and percents will help you become an informed consumer of this information.

In most cases, working through what is presented requires you to identify that you are indeed working with a question of percents, which two of the three values that are related through percents are known, and which of the three values you need to find.

Example 6.7

Retention Rate at College

Justine applies to a medium size university outside her hometown and finds out that the retention rate (percent of students who return for their sophomore year) for the 2021 academic year at the university was 84%. During a visit to the registrar’s office, she finds out that 1,350 people had enrolled in academic year 2021. How many students from the academic year 2021 are returning for the 2022 academic year?

Your Turn 6.7

1.
Harris works the bookstore in their hometown. During one particular day, the store had total sales of $1,765, of which Harris sold 30%. What were Harris’s total sales that day?

Example 6.8

Percent of Chemistry Majors

Cameron enrolls in a calculus class. In this class of 45 students, there are 18 chemistry majors. What percent of the class are chemistry majors?

Your Turn 6.8

1.
At the Fremont County fair, there were 2,532 adult visitors. Of these, 1,679 purchased the Adult Mega Pass. What percent of the adult visitors purchased the Adult Mega Pass?

Example 6.9

Total Sales and Commission

Mariel makes a 20% commission on every sale she makes. One week, her commission check is for $153.00. What were her total sales that week?

Your Turn 6.9

1.
Mina’s family has replaced 65% of their home’s older light bulbs with LED bulbs. If they now have 52 LED bulbs, how many total lightbulbs are in Mina’s house?

Who Knew?

LED Lightbulbs

According to the energy website from the U.S. government, LED lightbulbs use at least 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs. They also last up to 25 times as long as an incandescent bulb. If lighting is a significant percent of your electrical use, replacing all incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs will significantly reduce your electric bill.

Check Your Understanding

1.
What is the denominator for any percent?
2.
Convert 38.7% to decimal form.
3.
What is 68% of 280?
4.
Find the total if 41% of the total is 342. If necessary, round to two decimal places.
5.
TikTok has an estimated 80,000,000 (80 million) registered users in the United States. The population of the United States is 332,403,650. What percent of the U.S. population are registered TikTok users? If necessary, round to two decimal places.
6.
An Amazon fulfillment center needs to hire 20% more drivers. If there are currently 80 drivers, how many more drivers will be hired?

Section 6.1 Exercises

For any answer, round to two decimal places, if necessary.

In the following exercises, rewrite the percent as a fraction
1.
45%
2.
9.1%
3.
8%
4.
673%
In the following exercises, rewrite the percent in decimal form.
5.
18%
6.
9%
7.
71.2%
8.
934%
9.
Find 35% of 250
10.
Calculate 83.1% of 390
11.
Calculate 3.1% of 500
12.
Calculate 750% of 620
13.
If 40% of the total is 32, how much is the total?
14.
If 3% of the total is 6.32, how much is the total?
15.
If 150% of the total is 61.9, how much is the total?
16.
If 18.1% of the total is 18.5, how much is the total?
17.
13 is what percent of 40?
18.
89 is what percent of 500?
19.
31 is what percent of 73?
20.
593.2 is what percent of 184.5?
21.
36 people in a village of 150 want to install a new splashpad at the local playground. What percent of the village wants to install the new splashpad?
22.
Mitena is enrolled in a movie appreciation course. There are 84 students (including Mitena) in the course. After having the students fill out a survey, the professor informs the students that 45.2% chose horror as their favorite movie genre. How many students in Mitena’s class chose horror as their favorite movie genre? Round off to the nearest integer.
23.
Jadyn’s dorm has a “Rick and Morty night” every Wednesday during the semester. One Wednesday, 27 students from the dorm come to watch the TV show Rick and Morty. Jadyn knows this is 30% of the dorm’s residents. How many students reside in the dorm?
24.
Percent Error. When performing a scientific experiment that results in quantities of some sort, such as mass in chemistry or momentum in physics, the percent error is often computed. Percent error, %E, is the percent by which the value obtained in an experiment, the observed value O, is different than the value that was expected, the expected value E, in the experiment. The formula is below.
\% E = \frac{{|O - E|}}{E}
Jim and Kelly are working on a chemistry experiment and expect the result to be 50 grams. However, their result was 48.7 grams. Find Jim and Kelly’s percent error.
25.
Percent Error. See Exercise 24 for the definition of percent error.
Hailey and Elsbeth are using an experiment to determine Earth’s gravity. The expected value is 9.807\text{ m}/{\text{s}^2}. Their experiment gives them a value of 9.457\,m/{s^2}. Find the percent error for Hailey and Elsbeth’s experiment.
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