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Contemporary Mathematics

10.7 Volume and Surface Area

Contemporary Mathematics10.7 Volume and Surface Area

Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Sets
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Basic Set Concepts
    3. 1.2 Subsets
    4. 1.3 Understanding Venn Diagrams
    5. 1.4 Set Operations with Two Sets
    6. 1.5 Set Operations with Three Sets
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  3. 2 Logic
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Statements and Quantifiers
    3. 2.2 Compound Statements
    4. 2.3 Constructing Truth Tables
    5. 2.4 Truth Tables for the Conditional and Biconditional
    6. 2.5 Equivalent Statements
    7. 2.6 De Morgan’s Laws
    8. 2.7 Logical Arguments
    9. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  4. 3 Real Number Systems and Number Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Prime and Composite Numbers
    3. 3.2 The Integers
    4. 3.3 Order of Operations
    5. 3.4 Rational Numbers
    6. 3.5 Irrational Numbers
    7. 3.6 Real Numbers
    8. 3.7 Clock Arithmetic
    9. 3.8 Exponents
    10. 3.9 Scientific Notation
    11. 3.10 Arithmetic Sequences
    12. 3.11 Geometric Sequences
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  5. 4 Number Representation and Calculation
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Hindu-Arabic Positional System
    3. 4.2 Early Numeration Systems
    4. 4.3 Converting with Base Systems
    5. 4.4 Addition and Subtraction in Base Systems
    6. 4.5 Multiplication and Division in Base Systems
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  6. 5 Algebra
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Algebraic Expressions
    3. 5.2 Linear Equations in One Variable with Applications
    4. 5.3 Linear Inequalities in One Variable with Applications
    5. 5.4 Ratios and Proportions
    6. 5.5 Graphing Linear Equations and Inequalities
    7. 5.6 Quadratic Equations with Two Variables with Applications
    8. 5.7 Functions
    9. 5.8 Graphing Functions
    10. 5.9 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
    11. 5.10 Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
    12. 5.11 Linear Programming
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  7. 6 Money Management
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Understanding Percent
    3. 6.2 Discounts, Markups, and Sales Tax
    4. 6.3 Simple Interest
    5. 6.4 Compound Interest
    6. 6.5 Making a Personal Budget
    7. 6.6 Methods of Savings
    8. 6.7 Investments
    9. 6.8 The Basics of Loans
    10. 6.9 Understanding Student Loans
    11. 6.10 Credit Cards
    12. 6.11 Buying or Leasing a Car
    13. 6.12 Renting and Homeownership
    14. 6.13 Income Tax
    15. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  8. 7 Probability
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 The Multiplication Rule for Counting
    3. 7.2 Permutations
    4. 7.3 Combinations
    5. 7.4 Tree Diagrams, Tables, and Outcomes
    6. 7.5 Basic Concepts of Probability
    7. 7.6 Probability with Permutations and Combinations
    8. 7.7 What Are the Odds?
    9. 7.8 The Addition Rule for Probability
    10. 7.9 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule
    11. 7.10 The Binomial Distribution
    12. 7.11 Expected Value
    13. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Formula Review
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  9. 8 Statistics
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Gathering and Organizing Data
    3. 8.2 Visualizing Data
    4. 8.3 Mean, Median and Mode
    5. 8.4 Range and Standard Deviation
    6. 8.5 Percentiles
    7. 8.6 The Normal Distribution
    8. 8.7 Applications of the Normal Distribution
    9. 8.8 Scatter Plots, Correlation, and Regression Lines
    10. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  10. 9 Metric Measurement
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 The Metric System
    3. 9.2 Measuring Area
    4. 9.3 Measuring Volume
    5. 9.4 Measuring Weight
    6. 9.5 Measuring Temperature
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  11. 10 Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Points, Lines, and Planes
    3. 10.2 Angles
    4. 10.3 Triangles
    5. 10.4 Polygons, Perimeter, and Circumference
    6. 10.5 Tessellations
    7. 10.6 Area
    8. 10.7 Volume and Surface Area
    9. 10.8 Right Triangle Trigonometry
    10. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  12. 11 Voting and Apportionment
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Voting Methods
    3. 11.2 Fairness in Voting Methods
    4. 11.3 Standard Divisors, Standard Quotas, and the Apportionment Problem
    5. 11.4 Apportionment Methods
    6. 11.5 Fairness in Apportionment Methods
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  13. 12 Graph Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Graph Basics
    3. 12.2 Graph Structures
    4. 12.3 Comparing Graphs
    5. 12.4 Navigating Graphs
    6. 12.5 Euler Circuits
    7. 12.6 Euler Trails
    8. 12.7 Hamilton Cycles
    9. 12.8 Hamilton Paths
    10. 12.9 Traveling Salesperson Problem
    11. 12.10 Trees
    12. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Videos
      4. Formula Review
      5. Projects
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Chapter Test
  14. 13 Math and...
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Math and Art
    3. 13.2 Math and the Environment
    4. 13.3 Math and Medicine
    5. 13.4 Math and Music
    6. 13.5 Math and Sports
    7. Chapter Summary
      1. Key Terms
      2. Key Concepts
      3. Formula Review
      4. Projects
      5. Chapter Review
      6. Chapter Test
  15. A | Co-Req Appendix: Integer Powers of 10
  16. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
  17. Index
A 3D floor plan diagram.
Figure 10.123 Volume is illustrated in this 3-dimensional view of an interior space. This gives a buyer a more realistic interpretation of space. (credit: "beam render 10 with sun and cat tree" by monkeywing/Flickr, CC BY 2.0)

Learning Objectives

After completing this section, you should be able to:

  1. Calculate the surface area of right prisms and cylinders.
  2. Calculate the volume of right prisms and cylinders.
  3. Solve application problems involving surface area and volume.

Volume and surface area are two measurements that are part of our daily lives. We use volume every day, even though we do not focus on it. When you purchase groceries, volume is the key to pricing. Judging how much paint to buy or how many square feet of siding to purchase is based on surface area. The list goes on. An example is a three-dimensional rendering of a floor plan. These types of drawings make building layouts far easier to understand for the client. It allows the viewer a realistic idea of the product at completion; you can see the natural space, the volume of the rooms. This section gives you practical information you will use consistently. You may not remember every formula, but you will remember the concepts, and you will know where to go should you want to calculate volume or surface area in the future.

We will concentrate on a few particular types of three-dimensional objects: right prisms and right cylinders. The adjective “right” refers to objects such that the sides form a right angle with the base. We will look at right rectangular prisms, right triangular prisms, right hexagonal prisms, right octagonal prisms, and right cylinders. Although, the principles learned here apply to all right prisms.

Three-Dimensional Objects

In geometry, three-dimensional objects are called geometric solids. Surface area refers to the flat surfaces that surround the solid and is measured in square units. Volume refers to the space inside the solid and is measured in cubic units. Imagine that you have a square flat surface with width and length. Adding the third dimension adds depth or height, depending on your viewpoint, and now you have a box. One way to view this concept is in the Cartesian coordinate three-dimensional space. The xx-axis and the yy-axis are, as you would expect, two dimensions and suitable for plotting two-dimensional graphs and shapes. Adding the zz-axis, which shoots through the origin perpendicular to the xyxy-plane, and we have a third dimension. See Figure 10.124.

A rectangular prism is plotted on an x y z plane. The rectangular prism is drawn by connecting two square planes.
Figure 10.124 Three-Dimensional Space

Here is another view taking the two-dimensional square to a third dimension. See Figure 10.125.

An illustration shows an arrow from a square pointing to a cube. The square is labeled two dimensions. The cube is labeled three dimensions.
Figure 10.125 Going from Two Dimensions to Three Dimensions

To study objects in three dimensions, we need to consider the formulas for surface area and volume. For example, suppose you have a box (Figure 10.126) with a hinged lid that you want to use for keeping photos, and you want to cover the box with a decorative paper. You would need to find the surface area to calculate how much paper is needed. Suppose you need to know how much water will fill your swimming pool. In that case, you would need to calculate the volume of the pool. These are just a couple of examples of why these concepts should be understood, and familiarity with the formulas will allow you to make use of these ideas as related to right prisms and right cylinders.

A rectangular prism with its length, width, and height marked l, w, and h.
Figure 10.126

Right Prisms

A right prism is a particular type of three-dimensional object. It has a polygon-shaped base and a congruent, regular polygon-shaped top, which are connected by the height of its lateral sides, as shown in Figure 10.127. The lateral sides form a right angle with the base and the top. There are rectangular prisms, hexagonal prisms, octagonal prisms, triangular prisms, and so on.

A pentagonal prism. The top and base of the prism show a pentagon. The lateral sides are also labeled.
Figure 10.127 Pentagonal Prism

Generally, to calculate surface area, we find the area of each side of the object and add the areas together. To calculate volume, we calculate the space inside the solid bounded by its sides.

FORMULA

The formula for the surface area of a right prism is equal to twice the area of the base plus the perimeter of the base times the height, SA=2B+ph,SA=2B+ph, where BB is equal to the area of the base and top, pp is the perimeter of the base, and hh is the height.

FORMULA

The formula for the volume of a rectangular prism, given in cubic units, is equal to the area of the base times the height, V=Bh,V=Bh, where BB is the area of the base and hh is the height.

Example 10.56

Calculating Surface Area and Volume of a Rectangular Prism

Find the surface area and volume of the rectangular prism that has a width of 10 cm, a length of 5 cm, and a height of 3 cm (Figure 10.128).

A rectangular prism with its length, width, and height marked l equals 5 centimeters, w equals 10 centimeters, and h equals 3 centimeters.
Figure 10.128

Your Turn 10.56

1.
A rectangular solid has a width of 6 cm, length of 15 cm, and height or depth of 6 cm. Find the surface area and the volume.
A rectangular prism with its length, width, and height marked 15 centimeters, 6 centimeters, and 6 centimeters.

In Figure 10.129, we have three views of a right hexagonal prism. The regular hexagon is the base and top, and the lateral faces are the rectangular regions perpendicular to the base. We call it a right prism because the angle formed by the lateral sides to the base is 90.90. See Figure 10.127.

Three views of a right hexagonal prism. The first view shows the front view of the prism. The height of the prism is labeled h equals 20 centimeters. Each side of the hexagon is labeled S equals 6 centimeters. The second view shows the top view of the prism. Each side of the hexagon is labeled S equals 6 centimeters. The apothem is labeled a equals 5.2 centimeters. The third view shows the prism in 3 D-view. The height of the prism is labeled h equals 20 centimeters. Each side of the hexagon is labeled S equals 6 centimeters.
Figure 10.129 Right Hexagonal Prism

The first image is a view of the figure straight on with no rotation in any direction. The middle figure is the base or the top. The last figure shows you the solid in three dimensions. To calculate the surface area of the right prism shown in Figure 10.129, we first determine the area of the hexagonal base and multiply that by 2, and then add the perimeter of the base times the height. Recall the area of a regular polygon is given as A=12ap,A=12ap, where aa is the apothem and pp is the perimeter. We have that

Abase=12(5.2)(36)=93.6cm2Abase=12(5.2)(36)=93.6cm2

Then, the surface area of the hexagonal prism is

SA=2(93.6)+36(20)=907.2in2SA=2(93.6)+36(20)=907.2in2

To find the volume of the right hexagonal prism, we multiply the area of the base by the height using the formula V=Bh.V=Bh. The base is 93.6cm2,93.6cm2, and the height is 20 cmcm. Thus,

V=93.6(20)=1872cm3.V=93.6(20)=1872cm3.


Example 10.57

Calculating the Surface Area of a Right Triangular Prism

Find the surface area of the triangular prism (Figure 10.130).

A right triangular prism. The sides of the triangle are labeled l equals 8.49 inches, l equals 8.49 inches, and l equals 12 inches. The height of the triangle is labeled h equals 6 inches. The width of the prism is labeled w equals 10 inches.
Figure 10.130

Your Turn 10.57

1.
Find the surface area of the triangular prism shown.
A triangular prism. The sides of the triangle are labeled l equals 7 centimeters, w equals 6 centimeters, and w equals 5 centimeters. The height of the triangle is labeled h equals 4 centimeters. The height of the prism is labeled h equals 4 centimeters.

Example 10.58

Finding the Surface Area and Volume

Find the surface area and the volume of the right triangular prism with an equilateral triangle as the base and height (Figure 10.131).

A right triangular prism. One of the sides of the triangle is labeled l equals 12 centimeters. The height of the triangle is labeled h equals 10.39 centimeters. The height of the prism is labeled h equals 10 centimeters.
Figure 10.131

Your Turn 10.58

1.
Find the surface area and the volume of the octagonal figure shown.
An octagonal prism. One of the sides of the octagon is labeled w equals 3 centimeters. The apothem is labeled a equals 4 centimeters. The height of the prism is labeled h equals 10 centimeters.

Example 10.59

Determining Surface Area Application

Katherine and Romano built a greenhouse made of glass with a metal roof (Figure 10.132). In order to determine the heating and cooling requirements, the surface area must be known. Calculate the total surface area of the greenhouse.

A greenhouse resembles a triangular prism placed on top of a rectangular prism. The length, width, and height of the rectangular prism are 95 feet, 22 feet, and 6.5 feet. The total height of the greenhouse is 11.5 feet. The two sides of the triangle measure 12.1 feet. The base of the triangle measures 22 feet. The length of the triangular prism measures 95 feet.
Figure 10.132

Your Turn 10.59

1.
Calculate the surface area of a greenhouse with a flat roof measuring 12 ft wide, 25 ft long, and 8 ft high.

Right Cylinders

There are similarities between a prism and a cylinder. While a prism has parallel congruent polygons as the top and the base, a right cylinder is a three-dimensional object with congruent circles as the top and the base. The lateral sides of a right prism make a 9090 angle with the polygonal base, and the side of a cylinder, which unwraps as a rectangle, makes a 9090 angle with the circular base.

Right cylinders are very common in everyday life. Think about soup cans, juice cans, soft drink cans, pipes, air hoses, and the list goes on.

In Figure 10.133, imagine that the cylinder is cut down the 12-inch side and rolled out. We can see that the cylinder side when flat forms a rectangle. The SASA formula includes the area of the circular base, the circular top, and the area of the rectangular side. The length of the rectangular side is the circumference of the circular base. Thus, we have the formula for total surface area of a right cylinder.

Two views of a right cylinder. The first view shows the top view of the right cylinder. The radius is marked r equals 5 inches. The second view shows the front view of the right cylinder. The height of the cylinder is labeled 12 inches.
Figure 10.133 Right Cylinder

FORMULA

The surface area of a right cylinder is given as SA=2πr2+2πrh.SA=2πr2+2πrh.

To find the volume of the cylinder, we multiply the area of the base with the height.

FORMULA

The volume of a right cylinder is given as V=πr2h.V=πr2h.

Example 10.60

Finding the Surface Area and Volume of a Cylinder

Given the cylinder in Figure 10.133, which has a radius of 5 inches and a height of 12 inches, find the surface area and the volume.

Your Turn 10.60

1.
Find the surface area and volume of the cylinder with a radius of 7cm and a height of 5 cm.
A cylinder with its radius and height marked 7 centimeters and 5 centimeters.

Applications of Surface Area and Volume

The following are just a small handful of the types of applications in which surface area and volume are critical factors. Give this a little thought and you will realize many more practical uses for these procedures.

Example 10.61

Applying a Calculation of Volume

A can of apple pie filling has a radius of 4 cm and a height of 10 cm. How many cans are needed to fill a pie pan (Figure 10.134) measuring 22 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep?

A pie pan with its diameter and height marked 22 centimeters and 3 centimeters.
Figure 10.134

Your Turn 10.61

1.
You are making a casserole that includes vegetable soup and pasta. The size of your cylindrical casserole dish has a diameter of 10 inches and is 4 inches high. The pasta will consume the bottom portion of the casserole dish about 1 inch high. The soup can has a diameter of 3 inches and is 4 inches high. After the pasta is added, how many cans of soup can you add?

Optimization

Problems that involve optimization are ones that look for the best solution to a situation under some given conditions. Generally, one looks to calculus to solve these problems. However, many geometric applications can be solved with the tools learned in this section. Suppose you want to make some throw pillows for your sofa, but you have a limited amount of fabric. You want to make the largest pillows you can from the fabric you have, so you would need to figure out the dimensions of the pillows that will fit these criteria. Another situation might be that you want to fence off an area in your backyard for a garden. You have a limited amount of fencing available, but you would like the garden to be as large as possible. How would you determine the shape and size of the garden? Perhaps you are looking for maximum volume or minimum surface area. Minimum cost is also a popular application of optimization. Let’s explore a few examples.

Example 10.62

Maximizing Area

Suppose you have 150 meters of fencing that you plan to use for the enclosure of a corral on a ranch. What shape would give the greatest possible area?

Your Turn 10.62

1.
You have 25 ft of rope to section off a rectangular-shaped garden. What dimensions give the maximum area that can be roped off?

Example 10.63

Designing for Cost

Suppose you want to design a crate built out of wood in the shape of a rectangular prism (Figure 10.136). It must have a volume of 3 cubic meters. The cost of wood is $15 per square meter. What dimensions give the most economical design while providing the necessary volume?

A crate in the shape of a rectangular prism with its length, width, and height marked 1.44 meters.
Figure 10.136

Your Turn 10.63

1.
Suppose you want to a build a container to hold 2 cubic feet of fabric swatches. You want to cover the container in laminate costing $10 per square foot. What are the dimensions of the container that is the most economical? What is the cost?

Check Your Understanding

42.
Find the surface area of the equilateral triangular prism shown.
An equilateral triangular prism. The sides of the triangle measure 10 centimeters. The height of the triangle measures 8.66 centimeters. The length of the prism measures 10 centimeters.
43.
Find the surface area of the octagonal prism shown.
An octagonal prism. Each side of the octagon measures 4 inches. The height of the prism measures h equals 8 inches. The apothem is marked a equals 5 inches.
44.
Find the volume of the octagonal prism shown with the apothem equal to 5 in , the side length equal to 4 in , and the height equal to 8 in .
45.
Determine the surface area of the right cylinder where the radius of the base is 10 cm , and the height is 5 cm .
46.
Find the volume of the cylinder where the radius of the base is 10 cm , and the height is 5 cm .
47.
As an artist, you want to design a cylindrical container for your colored art pencils and another rectangular container for some other tools. The cylindrical container will be 8 inches high with a diameter of 6 inches. The rectangular container measures 10 inches wide by 8 inches deep by 4 inches high and has a lid. You found some beautiful patterned paper to use to wrap both pieces. How much paper will you need?
A cylinder and a prism. The diameter and height of the cylinder are marked 6 inches and 8 inches. The length, width, and height of the rectangular prism are marked 10 inches, 8 inches, and 4 inches.

Section 10.7 Exercises

1 .
Find the volume of the right triangular prism with the two side legs of the base equal to 10 m, the hypotenuse equal to 10 2 , and the height or the length, depending on your viewpoint, is equal to 15 m.
A right triangular prism. The legs of the triangle measure 10 meters, 10 meters. The hypotenuse measures 10 times the square root of 2. The length of the prism is 15 inches.
2 .
Find the surface area of the right triangular prism in the Exercise 1 with the two legs of the base equal to 10 m, and the height equal to 15 m.
3 .
Find the surface area of the right trapezoidal prism with side a =  5 cm , side b =  12 cm , the height is 10 cm, the slant length is 12 cm, and the length is 24 cm.
A right trapezoidal prism. The top and bottom bases of the trapezoid measure a and b. The sides of the trapezoid measure 12 centimeters. The height of the trapezoid is marked h equals 10. The length of the prism is marked 24 centimeters.
4 .
Find the volume of the trapezoidal prism in the exercise above where the base and top have the following measurements: side a = 5 cm , side b = 12 cm , the slant lengths are each 12 cm , and the height of the trapezoidal base = 10 cm . The height or length of the three-dimensional solid is 24 cm .
5 .
Find the surface area of the octagonal prism. The base and top are regular octagons with the apothem equal to 10 m, a side length equal to 12 m, and a height of 30 m.
Two views of the octagonal prism. In the first view, the height of the prism is marked 30 meters. The sides of the octagon measure 12 meters. In the second view, the apothem is marked 10 meters. The sides of the octagon measure 12 meters.
6 .
Find the volume for the right octagonal prism, with the apothem equal to 10 m, the side length of the base is equal to 12 m, and the height equal to 30 m.
7 .
You decide to paint the living room. You will need the surface area of the 4 walls and the ceiling. The room measures 20 ft long and 14 ft wide, and the ceiling is 8 ft high.
For the following exercises, find the surface area of each right cylinder.
8 .
r = 6 cm , h = 5 cm
9 .
r = 9 cm , h = 15 cm
10 .
r = 12.2 in , h = 30 in
11 .
r = 3.4 m , h = 10.5 m
12 .
d = 11.4 m , h = 4.4 m
13 .
d = 20 in , h = 8.5 in
For the following exercises, find the volume of each right cylinder to the nearest tenth.
14 .
r = 7 cm , h = 8 cm
15 .
r = 14 cm , h = 19 cm
16 .
r = 14 in , h = 30 in
17 .
r = 4.9 m , h = 17 m
18 .
r = 12.6 cm , h = 16.2 cm
19 .
You have remodeled your kitchen and the exhaust pipe above the stove must pass through an overhead cabinet as shown in the figure. Find the volume of the remaining space in the cabinet.
A cylinder is enclosed within a rectangular prism. The length, width, and height of the rectangular prism are marked 30 inches, 14 inches, and 18 inches. The radius of the cylinder is marked r equals 7. The top and bottom bases of the cylinder rest on the top and bottom bases of the prism.
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