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Concepts of Biology

Index

Concepts of BiologyIndex
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Cellular Foundation of Life
    1. 1 Introduction to Biology
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      3. 1.2 The Process of Science
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Visual Connection Questions
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 2 Chemistry of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Biological Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 3 Cell Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 How Cells Are Studied
      3. 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
      4. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 3.4 The Cell Membrane
      6. 3.5 Passive Transport
      7. 3.6 Active Transport
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Visual Connection Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 4 How Cells Obtain Energy
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 4.2 Glycolysis
      4. 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
      5. 4.4 Fermentation
      6. 4.5 Connections to Other Metabolic Pathways
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 5 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
      4. 5.3 The Calvin Cycle
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  3. Cell Division and Genetics
    1. 6 Reproduction at the Cellular Level
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 The Genome
      3. 6.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      5. 6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 7 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
      3. 7.2 Meiosis
      4. 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 8 Patterns of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
      3. 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
      4. 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  4. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
    1. 9 Molecular Biology
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 The Structure of DNA
      3. 9.2 DNA Replication
      4. 9.3 Transcription
      5. 9.4 Translation
      6. 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 10 Biotechnology
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
      3. 10.2 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
      4. 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  5. Evolution and the Diversity of Life
    1. 11 Evolution and Its Processes
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
      3. 11.2 Mechanisms of Evolution
      4. 11.3 Evidence of Evolution
      5. 11.4 Speciation
      6. 11.5 Common Misconceptions about Evolution
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 12 Diversity of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Visual Connection Questions
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 13 Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and Protists
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 13.2 Eukaryotic Origins
      4. 13.3 Protists
      5. 13.4 Fungi
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 14 Diversity of Plants
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
      3. 14.2 Seedless Plants
      4. 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
      5. 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 15 Diversity of Animals
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
      3. 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
      4. 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
      5. 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
      6. 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
      7. 15.6 Vertebrates
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Visual Connection Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
  6. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 16 The Body’s Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
      3. 16.2 Digestive System
      4. 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
      5. 16.4 Endocrine System
      6. 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
      7. 16.6 Nervous System
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Visual Connection Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 17 The Immune System and Disease
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Viruses
      3. 17.2 Innate Immunity
      4. 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
      5. 17.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 18 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
      3. 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
      4. 18.3 Human Reproduction
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  7. Ecology
    1. 19 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
      3. 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
      4. 19.3 The Human Population
      5. 19.4 Community Ecology
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 20 Ecosystems and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      3. 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
      4. 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 21 Conservation and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
      3. 21.2 Threats to Biodiversity
      4. 21.3 Preserving Biodiversity
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  8. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  9. B | Geological Time
  10. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  11. Index
A
absorption spectrum 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
abyssal zone 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
acellular 17.1 Viruses
acetyl CoA 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Acid rain 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
Acids 2.2 Water
acoelomates 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
Actinopterygii 15.6 Vertebrates
action potential 16.6 Nervous System
activation energy 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
active immunity 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
active site 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
Active transport 3.6 Active Transport
adaptation 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
Adaptive immunity 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
adaptive radiation 11.4 Speciation
adhesion 2.2 Water
adrenal glands 16.4 Endocrine System
Age structure 19.3 The Human Population
algal bloom 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
alleles 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
allergy 17.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Allopatric speciation 11.4 Speciation
allosteric inhibition 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
alternation of generations 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
alternative RNA splicing 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated
alveoli 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Amino acids 2.3 Biological Molecules
amniotes 15.6 Vertebrates
Amoebocytes 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
Amoebozoa 13.3 Protists
Amphibia 15.6 Vertebrates
ampullae of Lorenzini 15.6 Vertebrates
amygdala 16.6 Nervous System
amylase 16.2 Digestive System
anabolic 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
anaerobic 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
analogous structure 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
analogous structures 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
anaphase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
aneuploid 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
anions 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
annealing 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
Annelida 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
anoxic 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
anther 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Anthophyta 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Anthropoids 15.6 Vertebrates
antibody 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
antigen 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
antigen-presenting cell (APC) 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
Anura 15.6 Vertebrates
anus 16.2 Digestive System
aorta 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
apex consumers 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
aphotic zone 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
apical meristem 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
Apoda 15.6 Vertebrates
apoptosis 17.1 Viruses
appendicular skeleton 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
applied science 1.2 The Process of Science
Archaeplastida 13.3 Protists
Arctic tundra 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Arteries 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Arthropoda 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
Ascomycota 13.4 Fungi
Asexual reproduction 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
Asymmetrical 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
atom 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
atomic number 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
ATP 4.2 Glycolysis
ATP synthase 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
atrium 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
attenuation 17.1 Viruses
auditory ossicles 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
autoantibody 17.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Autoimmunity 17.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
autonomic nervous system 16.6 Nervous System
autosomes 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
autotroph 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
autotrophs 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
axial skeleton 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
axon 16.6 Nervous System
B
B cells 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
Basal angiosperms 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
basal ganglia 16.6 Nervous System
bases 2.2 Water
Basic science 1.2 The Process of Science
Basidiomycota 13.4 Fungi
benthic realm 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
bicuspid valve 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Bilateral symmetry 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
Bile 16.2 Digestive System
binary fission 6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division
binomial nomenclature 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
biodiversity 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
biodiversity hotspot 21.3 Preserving Biodiversity
bioenergetics 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
biofilm 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
biogeochemical cycle 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
Biology 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Biomagnification 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
biomarker 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
biome 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
bioremediation 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
biosphere 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Biotechnology 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
birth rate 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
Black Death 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
blastocyst 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
body plan 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
bolus 16.2 Digestive System
bones 15.6 Vertebrates
boreal forest 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
bottleneck effect 11.2 Mechanisms of Evolution
botulism 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
brachiation 15.6 Vertebrates
brainstem 16.6 Nervous System
branch point 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
bronchi 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
bronchioles 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
budding 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians, 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
Buffers 2.2 Water
bulbourethral gland 18.3 Human Reproduction
Bush meat 21.2 Threats to Biodiversity
C
Caecilians 15.6 Vertebrates
Calvin cycle 5.3 The Calvin Cycle
calyx 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
canopy 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
capillaries 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
capsid 17.1 Viruses
capsule 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Carbohydrates 2.3 Biological Molecules
carbon fixation 5.3 The Calvin Cycle
cardiac cycle 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Cardiac muscle tissue 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
carpel 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
carrying capacity 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
Cartilaginous joints 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
catabolic 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
cations 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
cell 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
cell cycle 6.2 The Cell Cycle
cell cycle checkpoints 6.2 The Cell Cycle
cell plate 6.2 The Cell Cycle
cell wall 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cell-mediated immune response 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
Cellulose 2.3 Biological Molecules
central nervous system (CNS) 16.6 Nervous System
central vacuole 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
centrioles 6.2 The Cell Cycle
Cephalochordata 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
cephalothorax 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
cerebellum 16.6 Nervous System
cerebral cortex 16.6 Nervous System
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 16.6 Nervous System
chaetae 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
channel 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
chaparral 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
chelicerae 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
chemical bonds 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
chemical diversity 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
chemiosmosis 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
chemoautotrophs 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
chiasmata 7.2 Meiosis
chitin 2.3 Biological Molecules, 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
chlorophyll 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll a 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll b 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
chloroplast 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
choanocyte 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
Chondrichthyes 15.6 Vertebrates
Chordata 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
Chromalveolata 13.3 Protists
chromatin 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
chromosome 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
chromosome inversion 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
chyme 16.2 Digestive System
chytridiomycosis 21.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Chytridiomycota 13.4 Fungi
cilia 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
citric acid cycle 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
clades 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
cladistics 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
class 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
cleavage furrow 6.2 The Cell Cycle
climax community 19.4 Community Ecology
clitellum 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
clitoris 18.3 Human Reproduction
cloning 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
closed circulatory system 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
club mosses 14.2 Seedless Plants
Cnidaria 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
cnidocytes 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
codominance 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
codon 9.4 Translation
coelom 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
cohesion 2.2 Water
colon 16.2 Digestive System
commensalism 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
community 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
competitive exclusion principle 19.4 Community Ecology
competitive inhibition 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
complement system 17.2 Innate Immunity
complete digestive system 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
concentration gradient 3.5 Passive Transport
cones 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Conifers 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
conjugation 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Continuous variation 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
control 1.2 The Process of Science
convergent evolution 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
Coral reefs 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
corolla 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
corpus callosum 16.6 Nervous System
corpus luteum 18.3 Human Reproduction
cotyledons 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
covalent bond 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
craniates 15.6 Vertebrates
Crocodilia 15.6 Vertebrates
crossing over 7.2 Meiosis
cryptofauna 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
ctenidia 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
cutaneous respiration 15.6 Vertebrates
cyanobacteria 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Cycads 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
cytokine 17.2 Innate Immunity
Cytokinesis 6.2 The Cell Cycle
cytopathic 17.1 Viruses
cytoplasm 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytoskeleton 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytosol 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
D
dead zone 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
death rate 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
Deductive reasoning 1.2 The Process of Science
demography 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
denaturation 2.3 Biological Molecules
Dendrites 16.6 Nervous System
dendritic cell 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
density-dependent 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
density-independent 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2.3 Biological Molecules
deoxyribose 9.1 The Structure of DNA
depolarization 16.6 Nervous System
Descriptive 1.2 The Process of Science
desmosomes 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
detrital food web 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Deuterostomes 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
diaphragm 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
diastole 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
dicots 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Diffusion 3.5 Passive Transport
dihybrid 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
dioecious 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
diphyodonts 15.6 Vertebrates
diploblasts 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
diploid 6.1 The Genome
diploid-dominant 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
Diplontic 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
Disaccharides 2.3 Biological Molecules
discontinuous variation 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
dispersal 11.4 Speciation
divergent evolution 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
DNA ligase 9.2 DNA Replication
DNA polymerase 9.2 DNA Replication
domains 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Dominant 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
dorsal hollow nerve cord 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
double helix 9.1 The Structure of DNA
down feathers 15.6 Vertebrates
down-regulation 16.4 Endocrine System
E
Echinodermata 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
ecosystem 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
ecosystem diversity 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
ecosystem services 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
ectotherms 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
effector cells 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
electrocardiogram (ECG) 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
electrochemical gradient 3.6 Active Transport
electromagnetic spectrum 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
electron 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
electron transfer 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
electron transport chain 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
elements 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
Emergent vegetation 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
Endemic species 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
endergonic reactions 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
endocrine glands 16.4 Endocrine System
Endocytosis 3.6 Active Transport
endomembrane system 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
endosymbiotic theory 13.2 Eukaryotic Origins
endotherm 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
environmental disturbances 19.4 Community Ecology
Enzymes 2.3 Biological Molecules, 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
epidemics 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
epidermis 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
epigenetic 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated
epistasis 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
Equilibrium 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
esophagus 16.2 Digestive System
essential nutrients 16.2 Digestive System
estrogen 18.3 Human Reproduction
Estuaries 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
eucoelomates 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
eudicots 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
eukaryotes 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
eukaryotic cell 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
euploid 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
Eutherian mammals 15.6 Vertebrates
eutrophication 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
evaporation 2.2 Water
evolution 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Excavata 13.3 Protists
exergonic reactions 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
Exocrine glands 16.4 Endocrine System
Exocytosis 3.6 Active Transport
exons 9.3 Transcription
Exotic species 21.2 Threats to Biodiversity
exponential growth 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
external fertilization 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
extinction 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
extinction rates 21.3 Preserving Biodiversity
extracellular digestion 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
extracellular matrix 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
extremophiles 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
F
F1 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
F2 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
facilitated transport 3.5 Passive Transport
fallout 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
falsifiable 1.2 The Process of Science
family 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
fat 2.3 Biological Molecules
Feedback inhibition 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
fermentation 4.4 Fermentation
ferns 14.2 Seedless Plants
fertilization 7.2 Meiosis
fibrous joints 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
filament 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Fission 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
Flagella 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
fluid mosaic model 3.4 The Cell Membrane
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 18.3 Human Reproduction
food chain 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
food web 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
foodborne disease 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Foundation species 19.4 Community Ecology
founder effect 11.2 Mechanisms of Evolution
fragmentation 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians, 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
Frogs 15.6 Vertebrates
frontal lobe 16.6 Nervous System
FtsZ 6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division
G
G0 phase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
G1 phase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
G2 phase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
gallbladder 16.2 Digestive System
gametangia 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
gametes 6.1 The Genome
gametophyte 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
gametophytes 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
Gap junctions 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
gastrodermis 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
gastrovascular cavity 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
gastrulation 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
Gel electrophoresis 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
gemmules 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
gene expression 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated
gene flow 11.2 Mechanisms of Evolution
gene pool 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
Gene therapy 10.2 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
genes 6.1 The Genome
genetic code 9.4 Translation
Genetic diversity 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
genetic drift 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
genetic engineering 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
genetic map 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
genetically modified organism 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
genome 6.1 The Genome
genomics 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
genotype 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
genus 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
germ cells 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
germ layers 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
gestation 18.3 Human Reproduction
gestation period 18.3 Human Reproduction
ginkgophyte 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
glia 16.6 Nervous System
Glomeromycota 13.4 Fungi
Glycogen 2.3 Biological Molecules
Glycolysis 4.2 Glycolysis
glycoprotein 17.1 Viruses
Gnathostomes 15.6 Vertebrates
Gnetophytes 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
Golgi apparatus 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 18.3 Human Reproduction
Gram-negative 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Gram-positive 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
granum 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
grazing food web 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
gross primary productivity 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Gymnosperms 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
gynoecium 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
H
habitat heterogeneity 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
Hagfishes 15.6 Vertebrates
haplodiplontic 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
haploid 6.1 The Genome
haploid-dominant 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
Haplontic 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
heat energy 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
helicase 9.2 DNA Replication
hemizygous 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
hemocoel 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
herbaceous 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Hermaphroditism 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
heterodont teeth 15.6 Vertebrates
heterosporous 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
Heterotrophs 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
heterozygous 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
hippocampus 16.6 Nervous System
Homeostasis 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
homologous chromosomes 6.1 The Genome
homologous structures 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
homosporous 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
homozygous 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
hormone receptors 16.4 Endocrine System
Hormones 2.3 Biological Molecules, 16.4 Endocrine System
hornworts 14.2 Seedless Plants
Horsetails 14.2 Seedless Plants
host 19.4 Community Ecology
human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) 18.3 Human Reproduction
humoral immune response 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
hybridizations 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
hydrogen bond 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
hydrophilic 2.2 Water
hydrophobic 2.2 Water
hydrosphere 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
hydrothermal vent 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
hyoid bone 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
hypersensitivity 17.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
hypertonic 3.5 Passive Transport
hypha 13.4 Fungi
hypothalamus 16.6 Nervous System
hypothesis 1.2 The Process of Science
hypothesis-based science 1.2 The Process of Science
hypotonic 3.5 Passive Transport
I
immune tolerance 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
Immunodeficiency 17.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
incomplete dominance 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
Inductive reasoning 1.2 The Process of Science
inferior vena cava 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
inflammation 17.2 Innate Immunity
inheritance of acquired characteristics 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
inhibin 18.3 Human Reproduction
Innate immunity 17.2 Innate Immunity
inner cell mass 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
interferon 17.2 Innate Immunity
interkinesis 7.2 Meiosis
internal fertilization 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
interphase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
interstitial cells of Leydig 18.3 Human Reproduction
interstitial fluid 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
intertidal zone 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
intracellular 16.4 Endocrine System
intracellular digestion 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
intraspecific competition 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
introns 9.3 Transcription
ion 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
ionic bond 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
Island biogeography 19.4 Community Ecology
isotonic 3.5 Passive Transport
Isotopes 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
J
J-shaped growth curve 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
joint 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
K
K-selected species 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
karyogram 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
karyotype 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
keystone species 19.4 Community Ecology
kidneys 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
kinetic energy 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
kinetochore 6.2 The Cell Cycle
kingdom 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
L
labia majora 18.3 Human Reproduction
labia minora 18.3 Human Reproduction
lagging strand 9.2 DNA Replication
Lampreys 15.6 Vertebrates
Lancelets 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
large intestine 16.2 Digestive System
larynx 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
lateral 15.6 Vertebrates
law of dominance 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
law of independent assortment 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
law of segregation 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
leading strand 9.2 DNA Replication
Lichens 13.4 Fungi
life cycles 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
life sciences 1.2 The Process of Science
life tables 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
light-dependent reactions 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
limbic system 16.6 Nervous System
line 15.6 Vertebrates
linkage 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
Lipids 2.3 Biological Molecules
litmus 2.2 Water
liver 16.2 Digestive System
Liverworts 14.2 Seedless Plants
locus 6.1 The Genome
logistic growth 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
Lophotrochozoa 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
luteinizing hormone (LH) 18.3 Human Reproduction
Lymph 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
lymphocyte 17.2 Innate Immunity
lysosomes 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
M
macroevolution 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
macromolecules 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 2.3 Biological Molecules
macrophage 17.2 Innate Immunity
madreporite 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules 17.2 Innate Immunity
Mammals 15.6 Vertebrates
Mammary glands 15.6 Vertebrates
mantle 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
mark and recapture 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
Marsupials 15.6 Vertebrates
mass number 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
Mast cells 17.2 Innate Immunity
Matter 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
maximum parsimony 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
medusa 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
megasporocyte 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
meiosis 7.1 Sexual Reproduction
meiosis I 7.2 Meiosis
Meiosis II 7.2 Meiosis
memory cell 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
meninges 16.6 Nervous System
menstrual cycle 18.3 Human Reproduction
mesoglea 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
mesohyl 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
mesophyll 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
metabolism 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
Metagenomics 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
metamerism 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
metaphase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
metaphase plate 6.2 The Cell Cycle
MHC class II molecule 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
microbial mat 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
microevolution 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
microscope 3.1 How Cells Are Studied
microsporocytes 14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
migration 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
mimicry 19.4 Community Ecology
Minerals 16.2 Digestive System
mismatch repair 9.2 DNA Replication
Mitochondria 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
mitosis 6.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic 6.2 The Cell Cycle, 6.2 The Cell Cycle
model organisms 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
model system 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
modern synthesis 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
molds 13.4 Fungi
molecular systematics 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
molecule 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Mollusca 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
monocots 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
monocyte 17.2 Innate Immunity
monoecious 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
monohybrid 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
monophyletic group 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Monosaccharides 2.3 Biological Molecules
monosomy 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
monotremes 15.6 Vertebrates
mortality rate 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
mosses 14.2 Seedless Plants
mRNA 9.3 Transcription
mutation 9.2 DNA Replication
mutualism 19.4 Community Ecology
mycelium 13.4 Fungi
Mycorrhiza 13.4 Fungi
mycoses 13.4 Fungi
myelin sheath 16.6 Nervous System
myofibrils 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
myofilaments 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
Myxini 15.6 Vertebrates
N
nacre 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
nasal cavity 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
natural killer (NK) cell 17.2 Innate Immunity
natural sciences 1.2 The Process of Science
Natural selection 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
nematocysts 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
Nematoda 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
nephrons 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
neritic zone 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
Net primary productivity 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
neurons 16.6 Nervous System
Neutrons 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
neutrophil 17.2 Innate Immunity
nitrogenous base 9.1 The Structure of DNA
non-renewable resource 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
noncompetitive inhibition 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
nondisjunction 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
Nonpolar covalent bonds 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
nontemplate strand 9.3 Transcription
nonvascular plants 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
notochord 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
nuclear envelope 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleic acids 2.3 Biological Molecules
nucleolus 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleotide excision repair 9.2 DNA Replication
nucleotides 2.3 Biological Molecules
nucleus 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules, 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
O
occipital lobe 16.6 Nervous System
oceanic zone 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
octet rule 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
oils 2.3 Biological Molecules
Okazaki fragments 9.2 DNA Replication
oncogenes 6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
one-child policy 19.3 The Human Population
oogenesis 18.3 Human Reproduction
Open circulatory systems 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Opisthokonta 13.3 Protists
oral cavity 16.2 Digestive System
order 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
organ system 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
organelles 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Organisms 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
organogenesis 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
Organs 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
origin 6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division
osculum 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
osmolarity 3.5 Passive Transport
Osmoregulation 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
Osmosis 3.5 Passive Transport
osmotic balance 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
Osteichthyes 15.6 Vertebrates
ostracoderms 15.6 Vertebrates
ovarian cycle 18.3 Human Reproduction
ovary 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
oviducts 18.3 Human Reproduction
oviparity 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
ovoviparity 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
ovulation 18.3 Human Reproduction
oxidative phosphorylation 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
P
pancreas 16.2 Digestive System, 16.4 Endocrine System
pandemics 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
paper 2.2 Water
parasite 19.4 Community Ecology
parasites 13.3 Protists
parasympathetic nervous system 16.6 Nervous System
parathyroid glands 16.4 Endocrine System
parietal lobe 16.6 Nervous System
Parthenogenesis 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
passive immune 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
Passive transport 3.5 Passive Transport
pathogen 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
pectoral girdle 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
Peer-reviewed articles 1.2 The Process of Science
pelagic realm 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
pellicles 13.3 Protists
pelvic girdle 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
penis 18.3 Human Reproduction
pepsin 16.2 Digestive System
peptidoglycan 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
periodic table of elements 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
peripheral nervous system (PNS) 16.6 Nervous System
peristalsis 16.2 Digestive System
permafrost 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Peroxisomes 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Petals 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Petromyzontidae 15.6 Vertebrates
pH scale 2.2 Water
Phagocytosis 3.6 Active Transport
Pharmacogenomics 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
Pharyngeal slits 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
pharynx 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
phase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
phenotype 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
phloem 14.2 Seedless Plants
phosphate group 9.1 The Structure of DNA
Phospholipids 2.3 Biological Molecules
photic zone 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
photoautotrophs 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis, 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
photon 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
photosystem 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
phototrophs 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
phylogenetic tree 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
phylogeny 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
phylum 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Physical maps 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
physical sciences 1.2 The Process of Science
pigment 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
pinocytosis 3.6 Active Transport
pioneer species 19.4 Community Ecology
pistil 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
pituitary gland 16.4 Endocrine System
placenta 18.3 Human Reproduction
planktivores 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
plasma membrane 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
plasmid 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
Plasmodesmata 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
plastid 13.2 Eukaryotic Origins
pneumatic 15.6 Vertebrates
polar covalent bond 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
polyp 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
polypeptide 2.3 Biological Molecules
polyploid 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
polysaccharide 2.3 Biological Molecules
population 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
population density 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
population genetics 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
population size 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
Porifera 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
post-anal tail 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
post-transcriptional 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated
post-translational 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated
potential energy 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
primary bronchi 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
primary consumers 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
primary immune response 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
primary succession 19.4 Community Ecology
Primates 15.6 Vertebrates
primer 9.2 DNA Replication
producers 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
progesterone 18.3 Human Reproduction
Prokaryotes 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
prokaryotic cell 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
prometaphase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
promoter 9.3 Transcription
prophase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
Prosimians 15.6 Vertebrates
prostate gland 18.3 Human Reproduction
protein signature 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
Proteins 2.3 Biological Molecules
proteomics 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
proto-oncogenes 6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
proton 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
Protostomes 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
pseudocoelomates 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
pseudopeptidoglycan 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
pulmonary circulation 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Punnett square 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
Q
quadrat 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
R
r-selected species 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
radial symmetry 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
radioactive isotopes 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
radula 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids
receptor-mediated endocytosis 3.6 Active Transport
Recessive 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
reciprocal cross 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
recombinant 7.2 Meiosis
recombinant DNA 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
recombinant proteins 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
recombination 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
rectum 16.2 Digestive System
reduction division 7.2 Meiosis
Relative species abundance 19.4 Community Ecology
renal artery 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
renal vein 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
replication forks 9.2 DNA Replication
Reproductive cloning 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
resilience 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
resistance 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
restriction enzymes 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
reverse genetics 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering
Rhizaria 13.3 Protists
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 2.3 Biological Molecules
Ribosomes 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
RNA polymerase 9.3 Transcription
rooted 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
rRNA 9.4 Translation
S
S phase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
S-shaped curve 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
salamanders 15.6 Vertebrates
salivary glands 16.2 Digestive System
saprobes 13.3 Protists
sarcolemma 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
sarcomere 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
Sarcopterygii 15.6 Vertebrates
Saturated fatty acids 2.3 Biological Molecules
Savannas 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Science 1.2 The Process of Science, 1.2 The Process of Science
scientific laws 1.2 The Process of Science
scientific method 1.2 The Process of Science
scientific theory 1.2 The Process of Science
scrotum 18.3 Human Reproduction
Sebaceous glands 15.6 Vertebrates
Secondary consumers 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
secondary immune response 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
secondary plant compounds 21.1 Importance of Biodiversity
secondary succession 19.4 Community Ecology
selectively permeable 3.5 Passive Transport
Semen 18.3 Human Reproduction
semiconservative replication 9.2 DNA Replication
seminal vesicles 18.3 Human Reproduction
seminiferous tubules 18.3 Human Reproduction
sensory-somatic nervous system 16.6 Nervous System
sepals 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
septum 6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division, 13.4 Fungi
Sertoli cells 18.3 Human Reproduction
set point 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
sex determination 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
sexual reproduction 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
shared ancestral character 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
shared derived character 12.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
sister taxa 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Skeletal muscle tissue 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
skull 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
small intestine 16.2 Digestive System
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Smooth muscle tissue 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
solute 3.5 Passive Transport
solvent 2.2 Water
somatic cell 7.2 Meiosis
source water 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
speciation 11.4 Speciation
species 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
species distribution pattern 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
Species richness 19.4 Community Ecology
species-area relationship 21.3 Preserving Biodiversity
spermatogenesis 18.3 Human Reproduction
Sphenodontia 15.6 Vertebrates
spicules 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
spindle 6.2 The Cell Cycle
spiracles 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
splicing 9.3 Transcription
spongocoel 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians
sporangia 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
sporophylls 14.2 Seedless Plants
sporophyte 7.1 Sexual Reproduction, 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
Squamata 15.6 Vertebrates
stamens 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
Starch 2.3 Biological Molecules
start codon 9.4 Translation
stereoscopic vision 15.6 Vertebrates
steroids 2.3 Biological Molecules
stigma 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
stomach 16.2 Digestive System
stomata 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
stop codons 9.4 Translation
Strobili 14.2 Seedless Plants
stroma 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
stromatolite 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
style 14.4 Seed Plants: Angiosperms
subduction 20.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
substrates 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
Subtropical deserts 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Sudoriferous glands 15.6 Vertebrates
superior vena cava 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
surface tension 2.2 Water
survivorship curve 19.1 Population Demographics and Dynamics
swim bladder 15.6 Vertebrates
sympathetic nervous system 16.6 Nervous System
Sympatric speciation 11.4 Speciation
synapses 16.6 Nervous System
synapsis 7.2 Meiosis
synaptic cleft 16.6 Nervous System
syngamy 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
Synovial joints 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
systematics 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
systemic circulation 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
systole 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
T
T cells 17.3 Adaptive Immunity
tadpole 15.6 Vertebrates
taxon 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Taxonomy 12.1 Organizing Life on Earth
telomerase 9.2 DNA Replication
telomeres 9.2 DNA Replication
telophase 6.2 The Cell Cycle
Temperate forests 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Temperate grasslands 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Temperature 2.2 Water
template strand 9.3 Transcription
temporal lobe 16.6 Nervous System
Tertiary consumers 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
test cross 8.2 Laws of Inheritance
testes 18.3 Human Reproduction
Testosterone 18.3 Human Reproduction
Testudines 15.6 Vertebrates
tetrads 7.2 Meiosis
Tetrapod 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
thalamus 16.6 Nervous System
thallus 13.4 Fungi
Thermodynamics 4.1 Energy and Metabolism
thoracic cage 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
threshold of excitation 16.6 Nervous System
thylakoids 5.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
thymus 16.4 Endocrine System
thyroid gland 16.4 Endocrine System
tight junction 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
tissues 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Tonicity 3.5 Passive Transport
trachea 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
tracheae 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
tragedy of the commons 21.2 Threats to Biodiversity
trait 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments
trans-fat 2.3 Biological Molecules
transcription bubble 9.3 Transcription
transduction 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
transformation 13.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
transgenic 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering, 10.2 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
translocations 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
tricuspid valve 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
triglycerides 2.3 Biological Molecules
triploblasts 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
trisomy 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
tRNAs 9.4 Translation
trophic level 20.1 Waterford's Energy Flow through Ecosystems
trophoblast 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
Tropical rainforests 20.3 Terrestrial Biomes
Tumor suppressor genes 6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
tunicates 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
U
unified cell theory 3.1 How Cells Are Studied
unsaturated fatty acid 2.3 Biological Molecules
up-regulation 16.4 Endocrine System
ureter 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
urethra 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
urinary bladder 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
Urochordata 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
Urodela 15.6 Vertebrates
uterus 18.3 Human Reproduction
V
vaccine 17.1 Viruses
vacuoles 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
vagina 18.3 Human Reproduction
van der Waals interactions 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules
variable 1.2 The Process of Science
variation 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change
Vascular plants 14.1 The Plant Kingdom
Veins 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
ventricle 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
vertebral column 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates, 16.5 Musculoskeletal System
Vesicles 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells
vestigial structures 11.3 Evidence of Evolution
vicariance 11.4 Speciation
viral envelope 17.1 Viruses
virion 17.1 Viruses
Vitamins 16.2 Digestive System
viviparity 18.1 How Animals Reproduce
W
water vascular system 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates
wavelength 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Wetlands 20.4 Aquatic and Marine Biomes
whisk ferns 14.2 Seedless Plants
white blood cell 17.2 Innate Immunity
white-nose syndrome 21.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Whole genome sequencing 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics
wild type 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
X
X inactivation 7.3 Variations in Meiosis
X-linked 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance
Xylem 14.2 Seedless Plants
Y
yeasts 13.4 Fungi
Z
zero population growth 19.2 Population Growth and Regulation
zona pellucida 18.2 Development and Organogenesis
Zygomycota 13.4 Fungi
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