- active transport
- the process in which a living membrane expends energy to move substances across
- Bernoulli’s equation
- the equation resulting from applying conservation of energy to an incompressible frictionless fluid: P + 1/2pv2 + pgh = constant , through the fluid
- Bernoulli’s principle
- Bernoulli’s equation applied at constant depth: P1 + 1/2pv12 = P2 + 1/2pv22
- dialysis
- the transport of any molecule other than water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration
- diffusion
- the movement of substances due to random thermal molecular motion
- flow rate
- abbreviated Q, it is the volume V that flows past a particular point during a time t, or Q = V/t
- fluid dynamics
- the physics of fluids in motion
- laminar
- a type of fluid flow in which layers do not mix
- liter
- a unit of volume, equal to 10−3 m3
- osmosis
- the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration
- osmotic pressure
- the back pressure which stops the osmotic process if one solution is pure water
- Poiseuille’s law
- the rate of laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube: Q = (P2 − P1)πr4/8ηl
- Poiseuille’s law for resistance
- the resistance to laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube: R = 8ηl/πr4
- relative osmotic pressure
- the back pressure which stops the osmotic process if neither solution is pure water
- reverse dialysis
- the process that occurs when back pressure is sufficient to reverse the normal direction of dialysis through membranes
- reverse osmosis
- the process that occurs when back pressure is sufficient to reverse the normal direction of osmosis through membranes
- Reynolds number
- a dimensionless parameter that can reveal whether a particular flow is laminar or turbulent
- semipermeable
- a type of membrane that allows only certain small molecules to pass through
- terminal speed
- the speed at which the viscous drag of an object falling in a viscous fluid is equal to the other forces acting on the object (such as gravity), so that the acceleration of the object is zero
- turbulence
- fluid flow in which layers mix together via eddies and swirls
- viscosity
- the friction in a fluid, defined in terms of the friction between layers
- viscous drag
- a resistance force exerted on a moving object, with a nontrivial dependence on velocity