Chapter 4

265 N

${\text{13.3 m/s}}^2$

(a) $12{\text{m/s}}^2$.

(b) The acceleration is not one-fourth of what it was with all rockets burning because the frictional force is still as large as it was with all rockets burning.

(a) The system is the child in the wagon plus the wagon.

(b

Figure 4.32

(c) $a=0\text{.}\text{130}{\text{m/s}}^2$ in the direction of the second child’s push.

(d) $a=0.00{\text{m/s}}^2$

(a) $3.68\times {10}^3\text{N}$ . This force is 5.00 times greater than his weight.

(b) $\text{3750 N; 11.3º}\text{above horizontal}$

$1.5\times {10}^3\text{N},\text{150 kg},\text{150 kg}$

Force on shell: $2\text{.}\text{64}\times {\text{10}}^7\text{N}$

Force exerted on ship = $-2\text{.}\text{64}\times {\text{10}}^7\text{N}$, by Newton’s third law

1. $0.{\text{11 m/s}}^2$
2. $1\text{.}2\times {\text{10}}^4\text{N}$

(a) $7\text{.}\text{84}\times {\text{10}}^{-4}\text{N}$

(b) $1\text{.}\text{89}\times {\text{10}}^{\mathrm{–3}}\text{N}$ . This is 2.41 times the tension in the vertical strand.

Newton’s second law applied in vertical direction gives

1. Use Newton’s laws of motion.

   Figure 4.36
2. Given : $a=4.00g=(4.00)(9.{\text{80 m/s}}^2)=\text{39.2}{\text{m/s}}^2\text{;}$$m=\text{70}\text{.}\text{0 kg}$,

   Find: $F$.

3. $$$$$\sum F\text{=+}F-w=\text{ma}\text{,}$ so that $F=\text{ma}+w=\text{ma}+\text{mg}=m(a+g)$.

   $F=(\text{70.0 kg})[(\text{39}\text{.}{\text{2 m/s}}^2)+(9\text{.}{\text{80 m/s}}^2)]$$=3.\text{43}\times {\text{10}}^3\text{N}$. The force exerted by the high-jumper is actually down on the ground, but $F$ is up from the ground and makes him jump.

4. This result is reasonable, since it is quite possible for a person to exert a force of the magnitude of ${\text{10}}^3\text{N}$.

(a) $4\text{.}\text{41}\times {\text{10}}^5\text{N}$

(b) $1\text{.}\text{50}\times {\text{10}}^5\text{N}$

(a) $\text{910 N}$

(b) $1\text{.}\text{11}\times {\text{10}}^3\text{N}$

$a=\text{0.139 m/s}$, $\theta =\mathrm{12.4º}$ north of east

1. Use Newton’s laws since we are looking for forces.
2. Draw a force diagram:

   Figure 4.40
3. The tension is given as $T=\text{25.0 N.}$ Find $F_{\text{app}}\text{.}$ Using Newton’s laws gives: ${\text{Σ F}}_x=\mathrm{0,}$ so that applied force is due to the y-components of the two tensions: $F_{\text{app}}=2T\text{sin}\text{θ}=2(\text{25.0 N})\text{sin}\left(\text{15º}\right)=\text{12.9 N}$

   The x-components of the tension cancel. $\sum F_x=0$.

4. This seems reasonable, since the applied tensions should be greater than the force applied to the tooth.

$\text{10.2}{\text{m/s}}^2\text{, 4.67º from vertical}$

(a) $\mathrm{7.43\; m/s}$

(b) 2.97 m

(a) $\mathrm{4.20\; m/s}$

(b) $\text{29.4}{\text{m/s}}^2$

(c) $4\text{.}\text{31}\times {\text{10}}^3\text{N}$

(a) 47.1 m/s

(b) $2\text{.}\text{47}\times {\text{10}}^3{\text{m/s}}^2$

(c) $6.18\times {\text{10}}^3\text{N}$ . The average force is 252 times the shell’s weight.

(a) $1\times {\text{10}}^{-\text{13}}$

(b) $1\times {\text{10}}^{-\text{11}}$

${\text{10}}^2$

A body cannot exert a force on itself. The hawk may accelerate as a result of several forces. The hawk may accelerate toward Earth as a result of the force due to gravity. The hawk may accelerate as a result of the additional force exerted on it by wind. The hawk may accelerate as a result of orienting its body to create less air resistance, thus increasing the net force forward.

(a) A soccer player, gravity, air, and friction commonly exert forces on a soccer ball being kicked.

(b) Gravity and the surrounding water commonly exert forces on a dolphin jumping. (The dolphin moves its muscles to exert a force on the water. The water exerts an equal force on the dolphin, resulting in the dolphin’s motion.)

(c) Gravity and air exert forces on a parachutist drifting to Earth.

(c)

Since $m=F/a$, the parachutist has a mass of $539\text{N/9}{\text{.8 km/s}}^{\text{2}}=55\text{kg}$.

For the first 2 s, the parachutist accelerates at 9.8 m/s².

$$\begin{array}{c}v=at\\ =9.8\frac{\text{m}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}•2\text{s}\\ =19.6\frac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}\end{array}$$

Her speed after 2 s is 19.6 m/s.

From 2 s to 10 s, the net force on the parachutist is 539 N – 615 N, or 76 N upward.

$\begin{array}{ccc}a& =& \frac{F}{m}\\ & =& \frac{-76\text{N}}{55\text{}\text{}\text{}\text{}\text{kg}}\\ & =& -1.4\frac{\text{m}}{{\text{s}}^2}\end{array}$

Since $v=v_0+at$, $v=19.6{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}}+(-1.4{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}})(8\text{s)}=8.4{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}}$.

At 10 s, the parachutist is falling to Earth at 8.4 m/s.

The system includes the gardener and the wheelbarrow with its contents. The following forces are important to include: the weight of the wheelbarrow, the weight of the gardener, the normal force for the wheelbarrow and the gardener, the force of the gardener pushing against the ground and the equal force of the ground pushing back against the gardener, and any friction in the wheelbarrow’s wheels.

The system undergoing acceleration is the two figure skaters together.

Net force = $120\text{N}\text{–}\text{5}\text{.0}\text{N}\text{=}\text{115}\text{N}$.

Total mass = $40\text{kg + 50 kg = 90 kg}$.

Using Newton’s second law, we have that

$\begin{array}{ccc}a& =& \frac{F}{m}\\ & =& \frac{115\text{N}}{90\text{kg}}\\ & =& 1.28\frac{\text{m}}{{\text{s}}^2}\end{array}$

The pair accelerates forward at 1.28 m/s².

The force of tension must equal the force of gravity plus the force necessary to accelerate the mass. $F=mg$ can be used to calculate the first, and $F=ma$ can be used to calculate the second.

For gravity:

$\begin{array}{l}F=mg\\ =(120.0\text{kg)(9}\text{.8}{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}})\\ =1205.4\text{N}\end{array}$

For acceleration:

$$\begin{array}{l}F=ma\\ =(120.0\text{kg)(1}\text{.3}{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}})\\ =159.9\text{N}\end{array}$$

The total force of tension in the cable is 1176 N + 156 N = 1332 N.

(b)

(b)

(d)

A free-body diagram would show a northward force of 64 N and a westward force of 38 N. The net force is equal to the sum of the two applied forces. It can be found using the Pythagorean theorem:

$\begin{array}{cc}{F}_{\text{net}}=& \sqrt{F_x{}^2+F_y{}^w}\\ & =\sqrt{{(38\text{N})}^2+{(64\text{}\text{N})}^2}\\ & =74.4\text{N}\end{array}$

Since $a=\frac{F}{m}$,

$\begin{array}{cc}a& =\frac{74.4\text{N}}{825\text{kg}}\\ & =0.09{\text{m/s}}^{\text{2}}\end{array}$

The boulder will accelerate at 0.09 m/s².

(b)

(b)

(d)