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Problems & Exercises

1.
3 . 00  J = 7 . 17 × 10 4  kcal 3 . 00  J = 7 . 17 × 10 4  kcal
3.

(a) 5.92×105J5.92×105J

(b) 5.88×105J5.88×105J

(c) The net force is zero.

5.
3 . 14 × 10 3 J 3 . 14 × 10 3 J
7.

(a) 700 J 700 J

(b) 0

(c) 700 J

(d) 38.6 N

(e) 0

9.

1 / 250 1 / 250

11.

1 . 1 × 10 10 J 1 . 1 × 10 10 J

13.

2 . 8 × 10 3 N 2 . 8 × 10 3 N

15.

102 N

16.

(a) 1.96 × 1016 J1.96 × 1016 J

(b) The ratio of gravitational potential energy in the lake to the energy stored in the bomb is 0.52. That is, the energy stored in the lake is approximately half that in a 9-megaton fusion bomb.

18.

(a) 1.8 J

(b) 8.6 J

20.
v f = 2 gh + v 0 2 = 2 ( 9.80 m /s 2 ) ( 0 .180 m ) + ( 2 .00 m/s ) 2 = 0 .687 m/s v f = 2 gh + v 0 2 = 2 ( 9.80 m /s 2 ) ( 0 .180 m ) + ( 2 .00 m/s ) 2 = 0 .687 m/s
22.
7.81 × 10 5 N/m 7.81 × 10 5 N/m
24.

9.46 m/s

26.

4 × 10 4  molecules 4 × 10 4  molecules

27.

Equating ΔPEgΔPEg and ΔKEΔKE, we obtain v=2gh + v02=2(9.80 m/s2)(20.0 m)+(15.0 m/s)2=24.8 m/sv=2gh + v02=2(9.80 m/s2)(20.0 m)+(15.0 m/s)2=24.8 m/s

29.

(a) 25×106years25×106years

(b) This is much, much longer than human time scales.

30.
2 × 10 10 2 × 10 10
32.

(a) 40

(b) 8 million

34.

$149

36.

(a) 208 W208 W

(b) 141 s

38.

(a) 3.20 s

(b) 4.04 s

40.

(a) 9.46×107 J9.46×107 J

(b) 2.54 y2.54 y

42.

Identify knowns: m=950 kgm=950 kg, slope angleθ=2.00ºslope angleθ=2.00º, v=3.00 m/sv=3.00 m/s, f=600 Nf=600 N

Identify unknowns: power PP of the car, force FF that car applies to road

Solve for unknown:

P = W t = Fd t = F d t = Fv , P = W t = Fd t = F d t = Fv ,

where FF is parallel to the incline and must oppose the resistive forces and the force of gravity:

F = f + w = 600 N + mg sin θ F = f + w = 600 N + mg sin θ

Insert this into the expression for power and solve:

P = f + mg sin θ v = 600 N + 950 kg 9.80 m/s 2 sin 2º ( 30.0 m/s ) = 2.77 × 10 4 W P = f + mg sin θ v = 600 N + 950 kg 9.80 m/s 2 sin 2º ( 30.0 m/s ) = 2.77 × 10 4 W

About 28 kW (or about 37 hp) is reasonable for a car to climb a gentle incline.

44.

(a) 9.5 min

(b) 69 flights of stairs

46.

641 W, 0.860 hp

48.

31 g

50.

14.3%

52.

(a) 3.21×104 N3.21×104 N

(b) 2.35×103 N2.35×103 N

(c) Ratio of net force to weight of person is 41.0 in part (a); 3.00 in part (b)

54.

(a) 108 kJ

(b) 599 W

56.

(a) 144 J

(b) 288 W

58.

(a) 2.50×1012 J2.50×1012 J

(b) 2.52%

(c) 1.4×10 kg1.4×10 kg (14 metric tons)

60.

(a) 294 N

(b) 118 J

(c) 49.0 W

62.

(a) 0.500 m /s20.500 m /s2

(b) 62.5 N62.5 N

(c) Assuming the acceleration of the swimmer decreases linearly with time over the 5.00 s interval, the frictional force must therefore be increasing linearly with time, since f=Fmaf=Fma. If the acceleration decreases linearly with time, the velocity will contain a term dependent on time squared (t2t2). Therefore, the water resistance will not depend linearly on the velocity.

64.

(a) 16.1×103N16.1×103N

(b) 3.22×105J3.22×105J

(c) 5.66 m/s

(d) 4.00 kJ

66.

(a) 4.65×103 kcal4.65×103 kcal

(b) 38.8 kcal/min

(c) This power output is higher than the highest value on Table 7.5, which is about 35 kcal/min (corresponding to 2415 watts) for sprinting.

(d) It would be impossible to maintain this power output for 2 hours (imagine sprinting for 2 hours!).

69.

(a) 4.32 m/s

(b) 3.47×103N3.47×103N

(c) 8.93 kW

70.

(a) Box A has the greatest speed since it has the greatest work done; work equals change in kinetic energy and thus fastest speed.

(b) i. Yes, this equation is consistent. An increased force or distance increases the work done, and thus increases the change in kinesthetic energy. ii. No, this equation does not make sense.

(c)

The figure is a plot of w as a function of x. The plot starts at the origin and increases monotonically in both value and slope. The equation w equals k times x squared is shown next to the graph.
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